AVALIAÇÃO MORFOMÉTRICA DE OVELHAS DO LITORAL SUL DE PERU
Salamanca Montesinos I., Corrêa da Silva M., Brito Lopes F., Sánchez Larrañaga J.,Catachura Quispe A., McManus C., Robson Bezerra Sereno J., pag 46-49. 

 full pdf (download 770, size 1348 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In Peru, ovine flocks are constituted in their majority by creole animals, which are threatened by the constant miscegenation with exotics breeds introduced since past decades. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phenotype of 100 adult ewes, from four different flocks, located in the Ite´s Wetlands, southern coast of Peru. The animals were farmed under semi-extensive system in native pastures. Thirteen morphometric traits were measured and analyzed using means, discrim, cluster and tree procedures of the statistical program SAS. The results indicated significant variability between flocks, with different biotypes, depending on practiced handling, geographical location and apparent grade of miscegenation

LA FARDASCA: UNA NUEVA POBLACIÓN OVINA EN ESPAÑA?
Parés i Casanova P. M., Sabaté J.,Kucherova I., pag 50-53. 

 full pdf (download 908, size 1334 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A no previously referenced relict sheep population from southwest of Spain is described. From eighteen adult ewes, considered as pure animals, we obtained twenty lineal measurements and the individual live weight. According to the obtained results, “Fardasca” sheep can be described as straight frontal profile and subconvex face profile, sublonginial proportions, eumetrical tendencies, a marked dynamic aptitude, and conspicuous colors –spotted legs and body, and black head -. These animals can be clearly differentiated from the Spanish “Ripollesa” breed, which to whom at first glance seemed to have a certain similarity

INTERÉS FILOGENÉTICO DERIVADO DEL ESTUDIO MORFOMÉTRICO DE LAS PLUMAS EN DIVERSOS COLUMBIDOS DOMÉSTICOS Y SILVESTRES
Parés i Casanova P.-M., Kucherova I., Duran N., Carayol B., Dalmau J., pag 54-56. 

 full pdf (download 853, size 1336 KB)| abstractESCONDER Primary feathers P2 and P7 were obtained from fifty-seven individuals of eight pigeon breeds or species. Samples were scanned at high resolution and processed with a software package for their image treatment. Analyzed characters were: length of inner and outer edges, surface of inner and outer vanes, and length of calamus and shaft. A multivariate analysis was then conducted. The lengths of the inner and outer edges appear as the most discriminative variables. It is deduced that clustering between pigeon breeds could be explained by a morphometric relationship rather than functional or origin ones, and homomorphic and heteromorphic groups in comparison to the agriotype, the rock dove, can thus be differentiated

CARACTERIZACIÓÓN ZOOMÉTRICA DE CERDOS CRIOLLOS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL CHOCO- COLOMBIA
Arredondo J. V., Muñoz J. E., Arenas L. E., Pacheco, E., Alvarez, L. A., pag 57-59. 

 full pdf (download 1066, size 1321 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Creole pigs of Department of ChocÓ are rustic animals, adapted to a very wet region and have been the basis for food security of rural communities for centuries. They are bred in freedom or in corrals built with local materials, located below house or in remote sites. They are now disappearing due to conflicts among neighbors for damage to their breeding crops that generate the free breeding and for foment of inappropriate races for the region. They have not yet been characterized or recognized as a race. To study their morphologic, 34 adult pigs of African-descendant and indigenous populations from BaudÓ, El Valle y Dubasa Rivers were analyzed. 14 quantitative, 10 qualitative variables and 5 zoometric index were measured. Are animals with short body, sub-concave front profile (55,88%), dolichocephalic trend, celtic ears (44,12%), black or spotted coat (76,46%), cloven (94,12%) and clear (52,94%) hoof, dark mucous (52,94%), straight tail (64,71%), 10 to 12 average nipples (89,48%) and absence of mamellas (97,06%)

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA TRADICIONAL DE PRODUCCIÓN DE CERDOS CRIOLLOS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL CHOCO, COLOMBIA
Arredondo J. V., Muñoz J. E., Arenas L. E., Pacheco, E., Alvarez, L. A., pag 60-62. 

 full pdf (download 2490, size 1311 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Creole pig is a fundamental animal genetic resource for food security of riverine populations of ChocÓ. Local community councils, organizations representing the people, are the legal owners of the land and assign it to people for perpetual usufruct. Are family of 5 to 10 members (53,3 %, and the tradition of breeding is transmitted for generations. In order to know the traditional systems of pig production in rural communities of rural African descendant, 33 interviews were realized from rivers BaudÓ, El Valle and Dubasa. 81,25% perform complete cycle. When are bred in freedom (30,3%), animals walk large distances searching for feeding, this generate conflicts among neighbors for damage to crops. In 30,3% of cases are confined in an external corral. 30,3% of them confines seasonally in harvest time or parturition and 6,06 % uses a corral built under the house. Feeding is based on products such as Musa, rice husks and Human feeding leftover. Many births occur on freedom. Only 9,09% vaccine and half of the producers use natural remedies. 33,33% expressed interest in Creole pig breeding due to it’s their only source of saving money

ÉPOCA DE PARICIÓN Y NúMERO DE PARTO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO PREDESTETE DE BECERROS EN EL TRÓPICO MEXICANO.
Garduza AB, Ávila SNY, Quiroz VJ,Granados ZL,Báez RUA,pag 63-66. 

 full pdf (download 199, size 1377 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of calving season and parity on preweaning growth of calves in a dual-purpose production system, was analyzed the information collected during the period of 2007 in two cattle farms located in the municipality of Santa María Cortijo, Oaxaca Jamiltepec district in the southeastern region of Mexico. The experimental units were 56 calves born to cows with zebu breed characteristics lock with Brown Swiss. The Feeding of calves was with milk and the cows with grass and low supplementation during the dry season. Statistical analysis of data was performed using a fixed effects model. Additionally, a regression analysis of weaning weight with age at weaning was performed. The exploitation influenced (P <0.05) in birth weight (BW). The PN on farms "El Guayabo" and "Los Tamarindos” was 33.6 ± 4.6 kg and 30.7 ± 2.5 kg, respectively. There was no significant effect of parity number and the calving of season for weaning weight (P> 0.05).

CURVAS DE LACTACIÓN DE VACAS CRUZADAS MANEJADAS EN PASTOREO
Quiroz VJ, Granados ZL, Solís, D.J.C., Soria PT, pag 67-70.

 full pdf (download 738, size 1396 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The study of lactation curves allows us to know the evolution of animals’ milk production by estimating the total or partial milk production. Moreover, with the elaboration of lactation curves, potentially more productive animals can be detected earlier, facilitating the decision to make about the possible animal discard by its productive aptitudes. The aim of this work was to describe the lactation curve through three mathematical models according to the lactation number. 3, 388 weekly milk weighing were analyzed in Hacienda Soria located in Huimanguillo, Tabasco out of 177 lactations in between 120 to 399 days of lactation. They were classified in two groups of first lactation (57) and two or more (114). Lineal models, fifth order polinomics and an incomplete gamma model were compared (Wood’s Model). Results regarding the adjustments for first delivery lactation were 0.17, 0.63 and 0.98 for lineal, polinomic and Wood models, respectively. Regarding the second delivery lactations the coefficient of determination was of 0.53, 0.81 and 0.99 for the same models. Since lactations takes place in grazing systems, they have greater fluctuation and they are influenced by pasture availability, it is necessary to keep constantly obtaining information in order to adjust models more precisely. The model that had better adjustment was that of Wood’s in the first and subsequent lactations

ESTUDO ZOOMÉTRICO DE REMANESCENTES DA RAÇA EQUINA NORDESTINA NO MUNICÍPIO DE FLORESTA, PERNAMBUCO – BRASIL
Melo J. B., Pires D. A. F., Ribeiro M. N., Santos D. O., Silva H. G. O., pag 71-74.

 full pdf (download 1150, size 1443 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The phenotypic characterization of male animals that belong to the remainder of Nordestino horse breed from Floresta city in Pernambuco state (Brazil) was the objective in this study. A total of 34 horses from 5 years old were evaluated by the same measurer that had taken 12 body measurements (withers height (AC), croup height (AG), head length (CCA), neck length (CPE), cannon length (CCAN), body length (CCO), croup length (CGA), head width (LCA), chest width (LPE), croup width (LGA), thorax perimeter (PTORAX), fore-cannon perimeter (PCAN)). Body index (IC), Conformation index (ICONF), Dactyl-Thoracic index (IDACT), weight estimated, relation between withers and croup length (RCG=AC/AG) were the zoometric indexes estimated. According to withers height and weigth estimated the animals were classified as small and elipometric, body indexes have indicated those animals for strenght and speed, however the dactyl-thoracic index have indicated them for heavy draft and conformation index for both ability: saddle and draft. The animals studied have showed a good balanced body in the relation between withers and croup length

PRIMERA CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTIPICA DE LA OVEJA LOCAL KIMICHIN EN LA SIERRA NORTE DEL ESTADO DE PUEBLA
Hernández-Treviño T., Rene Segura Fernández J., Santos Hernández Zepeda J., Romero Arenas O., Vargas LÓpez S., Reséndiz Martinez R., Baez Simón A., pag 75-77 

 full pdf (download 374, size 0 KB)| abstractESCONDER To characterize the different animal species, helps to identify a population with unique characteristics that differentiate it from others. The aim of this study is to characterize phenotypically the Kimichin sheep. This work was conducted in three municipalities in the Sierra North of Puebla: Zacatlán, Cuautempan and Tetela de Ocampo. For phenotypic characterization were considered zoometrics indices and morphometric measurements. The data were transported to Excel spreadsheets for analysis in the statistical program SAS. It was observed that the Kimichin sheep is a small animal, with no ears, very rustic, head straight profile and well adapted to adafoclimatic conditions in the region

UTILIDAD DE VARIABLES ZOOMÉTRICAS EN LA ADSCRIPCIÓN DE CAPRINOS CRIOLLOS A DISTINTAS POBLACIONES
Santos Hernández Zepeda J., Hernández Treviño I, Reséndiz MartÍenez R., Pérez Avilés R., Silva Gómez S. E., pag 78-81.  

 full pdf (download 811, size 1331 KB)| abstractESCONDER It has shown that bodily measures (zoometric) has a value potential and use to differentiate individuals among and within populations. Also to make decisions regarding their inclusion in certain population groups. This research has taken measures zoometric in Creole goats located in two regions with different ecological characteristics, in the State of Puebla, Mexico: Center-South Region (RCS) and the South-Western Region (RSS). Each animal were measured Width of Head, Length of Face, Length of Head, Body Height, longitudinal Diameter, Bicoastal Diameter, Dorsal-Sternum Diameter, Thoracic Perimeter, Distance Between Encounter, Cane Perimeter, Raised to the “Palomillas”, Length of Croup, Width of Croup and Spiral Contour. The statistical procedure considered the simple descriptive statistics and, subsequently, a discriminant analysis to detect variables more power on discrimination, as well as to calculate the percentages of secondment to the different populations. As a result of the analysis shows that there is variability between bodily measures regardless of the region that concerned, indicating a low homogeneity in the models distinct between both regions. Zoometric variable not showing differences are the length of face, longitudinal diameter, body height, bicoastal diameter, the perimeter of cane and the width of the rump. There are significant differences in the rest of the variables (p< 0,05). With regard to the power of discrimination, discriminatory power variables are the length of head and dorsal-sternum diameter, besides being significant Mahalanobis distances. The percentages of secondment to the different regions are high (92,5 per cent for the region RCS and 95,3 per cent for the region RSS). It concludes that it is feasible to use the zoometric variables to include the goats in certain populations, at least considered discriminatory the length of head and dorsal-sternum diameter

MARCADORES DE ADN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTÍPICA EN CERDOS PAMPA ROCHA (URUGUAY). PROYECTO CSIC-UDELAR
Llambí S., Montenegro M del C., Castro G., Barlocco N., Gagliardi R., Vadell A., pag 82-85.

 full pdf (download 812, size 3067 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Pampa Rocha Pig is one of Uruguay's animal local genetic resources. In this paper we present the first data from morphometric measurements of 10 sows experimental station belonging to the Southern Regional Centre (Faculty of Agriculture). On the other hand were amplified by PCR regions where single nucleotide polymorphisms for FUT1 genes (resistance to E. coli) and PRLR (prolactin receptor). As for the morphometric measurements were low coefficients of variation except for head width and length of croup (18% and 16%). For automated sequencing analysis of the amplified fragments were found to amplify the fragments are expected according to pig sequences BLAST (NCBI). In the analysis of FUT1 gene sequence was evidence of the animal being described SNP a heterozygous (A/G).

EVALUACIÓN DEL DESEMPEÑO REPRODUCTIVO DE NÚCLEOS CAPRINOS CRIOLLOS, BOER Y ANGLO NUBIAN EN EL OESTE DE FORMOSA, ARGENTINA
Revidatti, M. A., De la Rosa, S. A., Orga A., Sánchez S, Cappello V.S., pag 86-89.

 full pdf (download 948, size 1345 KB)| abstract ESCONDER There is a local goat population considered as a Creole, in the semiarid region of Formosa province. They are raised in that limiting environment, representing a valuable genetic material for producers in the area for their influence on their diet and quality of life. This resulted in a reproductive characterization project, following the work of morphological and genetic characterization has already been made. The study included Formosa Creole females to be compared with the exotic breeds Boer and Anglo Nubian. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and means were compared by Duncan test. There were significant differences for the gestation duration favourable to Boer (p=0,0371). For the birth weight variable there were significant differences in favour of Boer (p=0,0047), simple kind of birth (p=0,0275) and younger females (p=0,0478) . However for weaning weight were not found significant differences. Lambing percentages were 54,55%, for Creole Formosa, 72,22% for Anglo Nubian and 50% for Boer. There was no perinatal mortality. Weaning percentages were for Creole Formosa (82,61%), Anglo Nubian (89,47%) and Boer (100%). The prolificacy (kids / female calving) resulted as follow: Creole (1,7±0,19), Anglo Nubian (1,46±0,14) and Boer (1,17±0,17). The performance of the local goat breed, adapted to the climate and management conditions of the region was in line with expectations, having similar reproductive performance to exotic breeds with higher requirements to exploit their genetic potential

DATOS PRELIMINARES DE LA CIRCUNFERENCIA ESCROTAL Y PARÁMETROS DE CALIDAD SEMINAL EN CAPRINOS EN LA PROVINCIA DE FORMOSA, ARGENTINA
Revidatti M. A., De la Rosa S. A., Benitetez D. M., Revidatti F., Orga A., Tejerina E. R., Cappello Villada J. S., pag 90-93.

 full pdf (download 228, size 1333 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The size of the testicles has proved been a good indicator of spermatogenic capacity. The most practical measure to assess the size of the testicles is the scrotal circumference (CE),which is highly correlated with testicular weight and volume.Testicular weight is a direct function of the amount of parenchyma tissue and, therefore, with the volume and sperm concentration, so that selection for increased CE production will result in a richer seminal sperm. In goats, the information regarding such measures is scarce and even contradictory, that is why this plan took place in order to determine the relationship between scrotal circumference and some seminal quality parameters in Boer, Anglo Nubian and Creoles goat breeds at the Center for Agricultural Validation (CEDEVA)Laguna Yema, Formosa(Argentina). We worked with a group of 7 males, one year old. CE measurements were made in two occasions with an interval of 14 days, and semen was collected by artificial vagina. Microscopically semen parameters analyzed were: sperm concentration (CEsp), total sperm (ET), motility, and macroscopically parameters were: ejaculated volume (VE) and colour. Descriptive analysis was performed for quantitative variables and calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients between the variables obtained, and the distribution of frequencies for qualitative variables. Finally, we conducted an ANOVA and means comparison by Tukey test, using breed as independent variable, and live weight, CE, VE, direct concentration, real and total semen, as dependent variable, stipulating a p=0,05. Significant positive correlation was found only between VE y CEsp

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL DIMORFISMO SEXUAL EN GANADO CRIOLLO DE OAXACA, MEDIANTE MEDIDAS CORPORALES
Fuentes-Mascorro G., Carmona M.M.A.2, Pérez V.E.,Chirinos Z, pag 94-96.

 full pdf (download 1121, size 1320 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In the communities of Oaxaca, Mexico cattle are owned by the community, which live in complete freedom in the ecosystem, feeding on native grass, only sea salt supplemented every fifteen days. Once a year the cattle are grouped after season of calving to mark it. Were evaluated 46 cows (V) and 12 bulls (T) of 6.2 ± 4.0 and 2.7 ± 1.1 average years old, respectively to characterize the sexual dimorphism in the cattle using body measurements. Different measures obtained were: height at the withers (ACR), body length (LCO), scapular-ischial length (LEI), thoracic perimeter (PTO), depth of chest (PRO), rump width (AGR), rump length (LGR), perimeter of the cane (PCA), face length (ACL), wide front (AFR) and body weight (PCO). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and principal component analysis between the sexes obtained, with the statistical package SAS ®. The coefficients of variation for morphological measurements were within the range of 7.04% (ACR) and 13.75% (AGR) for V and between 6.66% (LCA) and 18.06% (ACR) for T, which reflects a large phenotypic variability. 50% of the measures assessed showed significant differences (p <0.001) between V and T. The cows were higher in PCO measures, LCO, PTO, PRO, AGR, LGR, being similar in the rest. The combination of variables that affected mostly the measurements obtained was explained by the first three principal components that contributed for 68.9 and 76.9% of the total variation in V, and 67.3 and 81.9% for T . As a conclusion we believe that this breed presents a great heterogeneity in morphostructure and obvious sexual dimorphism, were the most evident difference was in body length and thoracic perimeter

COMPORTAMIENTO DE LOS NIVELES DE CONSANGUINIDAD EN LA RAZA EQUINA HISPANO–ÁRABE
Gómez M., Ronquillo J. , Delgado J.V., pag 98-101.

 full pdf (download 1108, size 2377 KB)| abstract ESCONDER We determined the inbreeding levels evolution of in the Hispanic- Arabian horse breed, through analysis of 1669 individuals born between 1962 and 2010, genealogical data got by in the Stud Book of the breed. We used the probabilistic method derived from the basic concepts of population genetics: the individual levels of inbreeding. The values of individual inbreeding coefficients were calculated through the relationships matrix, by the program MTDFREML option MTDFNRM. And the increase of inbreeding for year was obtained by regressing the individual levels of inbreeding on year of birth, using the PROC GLM process in SAS statistical package(SAS,2001). Our results show a kinship with an upward trend, with an annual increase of 0.05 p.100, finding a Fmedia = 0.032, very low values which are basically due to the continue introduction of new animals the breed

ESTRUCTURA Y VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE LA RAZA BOVINA CASTA NAVARRA
Sanz A., Cons C., Rodellar C., Reta M., Martín-Burriel I.,Zaragoza P., pag 102-105.

 full pdf (download 815, size 1418 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Casta Navarra (CN) belongs to the most ancient Castas Fundacionales of the Lidia breed, consisting of a bovine group endowed with great fighting spirit. By their behavior, the most important business of this fighting bull population is the sale or rental of animals for popular events, then the conservation of this fighting bull population has a high social and economic impact. This work examines the variability and genetic structure of the Casta Navarra and their phylogenetic relationships with Toro de Lidia, Pirenaica and Monchina breeds, populations that could have influenced Casta Navarra. Using 30 microsatellites we analyzed 992 individuals belonging to 16 farms spread across northern Spain. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis in the total population showed a 89% of loci with significant departure from HWE due to heterozygote deficit as a consequence of the Wahlund effect. Analyzing the HWE by farms only between 0 and 5 loci were in disequilibrium, with very similar expected and observed heterozygosity values. F statistics calculations were in accordance with the previous results showing a fixation index (FST) of 0.09 (the average proportion of genetic variation explained by farm differences was 9%). The analysis of genetic equilibrium and F statistics indicated that Casta Navarra is divided into distinct and reproductively isolated subpopulations. Differences between herds were confirmed by the study of genetic distances and using the STRUCTURE program. The population of Casta Navarra was subdivided with K values lower than 8, being K=8 the minimal number of clusters that differentiated Toro de Lidia from Pirenaica and Monchina. The different farms grouped according to historical information. The results obtained can contribute to the development of actions aimed at promoting diversity of race and therefore its maintenance, as part of conserving our cultural heritage

ESTUDIO MORFOMÉTRICO DE LA CABAÑA ACTUAL DE LA RAZA ASNAL ANDALUZA
Miró-Arias M., Gómez M., Nogales S., Martín A, Delgado J.V., pag 106-109. 

 full pdf (download 693, size 1338 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Andalusian Donkey Breed, currently endangered, counts with a conservation program which includes its morphological characterization. Since the Program started, the census of this breed has increased both, in quantity and geographical distribution, also having the knowledge of the morphological variations affecting to the population on purpose. The measurements of 252 adult animals were obtained by using a zoometric measurement stick and measuring tape as well, being the results preocessed and calculating the central and dispersive trend statistics with an Statistical Software, so as to verify the current morphological status of this donkey breed livestock, as well as an analysis of variance for the gender variation factor, with the aim of studying sexual dimorphism. Results are found among the expected variations of the breed pattern, and a typical sexual dimorphism is confirmed within this breed, although there is a still noticeable change in morphology regarding previous studies

ORIGEM E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA MATERNA DE POPULAÇÕES DE BOVINOS DA RAÇA CURRALEIRA DE DIFERENTES REGIÕES DO BRASIL
Egito, A.A., Fioravanti, M.C.S., Grattapaglia, D.,Ramos A.F., Albuquerque, M.S.M., Mariante A.S., pag 110-113 

 full pdf (download 862, size 1362 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used as a molecular tool for understanding the origin and nature of domestication processes, analysis of dispersal and gene flow, analysis of demographic expansion, genetic drift and admixture between populations. The Curraleiro bovine breed was originated in the animals introduced by the Iberian settlers and became adapted to the sanitary conditions, climate and management found in Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of this breed by sequencing and analysis of mtDNA control region. We analyzed twelve animals from five distinct regions. Three haplogroups were observed: two of African taurine origin (AA and T1) and one of European taurine origin (T3). The nucleotide diversity observed was 0.013. The highest haplotype diversity was observed within populations (0.012) and not between populations (0.001). The differentiation index observed was 0.074. No significant genetic differences were found among populations in different regions. It was concluded that the Curraleiro populations have the same maternal origin and suffered influence of African taurine animals

VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA EN EL BANCO ACTIVO DE BOVINOS CRIOLLO EEA INTA BALCARCE
Melucci L. M., Mezzadra C. A., pag 114-116. 

 full pdf (download 667, size 1358 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Active Bank of Criollo Cattle of the Balcarce Experimental Station of INTA was created in 1989 with animals brought in 1978 from Tucumán, Chaco, Santiago del Estero and Jujuy Provinces. A previous study indicated that up to 1998, genetic variability of the population was explained by 29.87 founders animals from which, 16.48 corresponded to contributions not attributable to others predecessors and high levels of inbreeding. Since then and aiming to widen the genetic base of the bank, the number of sires per service period was increased, and sires from different origins were incorporated. The evolution of the inbreeding rate and genetic trends for direct and maternal birth and weaning weights are analyzed for the period 1998-2010. A total of 1097 individuals were included in the genealogical data base, 381 born between 1998 and 2010, offspring from 28 sires and 118 dams. Individual breeding values were estimated by MTDFREML, using a multitrait animal model that included contemporary group as fixed effect, and direct and maternal random effects for birth and weaning weights, permanent maternal environment and error random effects. Between 1998 and 2010 mean inbreeding level was 0.042 ± 0.047, having an annual increase of 0.00029 ± 0.00067 NS. For the same period, direct and maternal components for birth and weaning weights increased 0.055 ± 0.021; 0.052 ± 0.010; 0.130 ± 0.024 y 0.264 ± 0.041 kg/year (P<0.01) respectively. It is remarked the control of the inbreeding rate and the increase in breeding values for growth, possibly due to the introduction of sires of higher genetic merit to the Bank

PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE PRESERVACIÓN Y MEJORAMIENTO GENÉTICO DE LA RAZA CRIOLLO LIMONERO EN LA REPúBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
Florio - Luis Jazmín, Contreras G.,Zambrano S., Fajardo J.,Fuenmayor A., pag 117-122. 

 full pdf (download 1342, size 2549 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Criollo Limonero cattle breed (tropical Bos taurus) originated from the crossing of different Bos taurus breeds from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands who came to America during the Spanish conquest and colonial times, however due to indiscriminate crossing herds were disappearing, that is why the National Institute of Agriculture Research (INIA, formerly FONAIAP) since 1967 have been working for the preservation and improvement of the breed having in inventory 600 pure animals with records at states: Apure, Anzoátegui, Barinas, Bolivar and Zulia; 504 Crossbred cattle at states: Apure, Barinas, Guárico and Zulia. A level of 72 producers and 310 female calves born served with Criollo Limonero semen by artificial insemination at Zulia and Barinas. These inventories revealed that the breed is in danger of extinction (females <1,000 purebred animals, FAO). These breed offer comparative advantage like ability of dual purpose (milk – meat), facility at birth, manageability, milking with or without support of the calf, good fertility, longevity and resistant to various diseases (gastrointestinal parasites and Trypanotolerance). The strategies implemented by INIA (inter-and multidisciplinary teams) have been: records, pedigrees to establish mating and selection, production of semen from young bulls and selected bulls by test of the offspring, artificial insemination, embryo production to increase number of heifers; breed phylogenetic characterization; inbreeding assessment, prevention and control of reproductive diseases, selective breeding with other breeds (Chino Santandereano, Carora, Holstein and Brown Swiss). These actions have allowed the preservation and sustainable use of Criollo Limonero breed and their contribution to genetic improvement of herds of small and medium producers

EVOLUÇÃO DE UM REBANHO DE BOVINOS CURRALEIRO REINTRODUZIDO EM CERRADO NATIVO NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS, BRASIL
Moura M. I., Torres T. F., Monteiro E. P., Neiva A. C. G. R., Cardoso W. S., Fioravanti M. C. S., pag 123-126.

 full pdf (download 1093, size 1354 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Domestic animals are important for sustainable development and the maintenance of the population in rural space. In Brazil an example of this relationship was the reintroduction of Curraleiro cattle in Kalunga Historical and Cultural Heritage Site. The aim of this study was to describe the results of the evolution of this herd, after four years of reintroduction in region of the native Savannah. In 2007 was reintroduced 81 cattle, when were contemplated ten families who received seven animals each. At the same time was established a breeding center that housed ten animals in order to define appropriate technologies for the region. In 2008 was reintroduced more 73 cattle and the animals were distributed to seven other families, each receiving between six and seven animals. Moreover, there was replacement of cattle in families who have lost animals in 2007. The other cattle were destined for the breeding center. Three families contemplated in 2007 gave back the animals to the breeding center between 2008 and 2009. In 2008, out of 81 (100%) animals distributed in the first stage, seven were born (8.7%) calves. The mortality rate of the herd was 20.52% (18/88 animals). At the end of 2009 there were 104 live animals distributed in 14 families and 39 cattle in the breeding center. In 2011, was registered 5.10% (2 / 39) calf’s birth in the breeding center and 25% (26/104) in the 14 families. The mortality rate was 18.5% (24/130) of cattle among families and 64.10% (25/41) in the breeding center. We conclude that the period of adaptation of animals, which coincided with the low food availability, environmental conditions and management were the determining factors for high mortality rate of the herd.

SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DEL BANCO DE GERMOPLASMA ANDALUZ
Vallecillo A., Miró-Arias A., Navas F., De la Fuente A., Camacho M.E., Delgado J.V., pag 128-132.

 full pdf (download 853, size 1366 KB)| abstract ESCONDER With preceding studies such as the Iberian pig breed morpho-productive characterization and germplasm bank creation, Retuerta horse characterization and conservation, bovine Marisme&ntilde;a breed genetic and morphologic characterization, Andalusian Black Bovine breed characterization and endogamy control, and the promotion of the Investigation, Development and Innovation Andalusian Plan with the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture support, PAIDI AGR-218 group develops the germplasm bank collection, its management and conservation, from its strategic installations (Universidad de CÓrdoba). Counting with 3700 frozen semen doses from 28 Iberian boars (Manchado de Jabugo, Lampi&ntilde;o, Retintos, Torviscal and Negro de los Pedroches), 500 from four Retuerta horse breed stallions, 3250 from five Marisme&ntilde;a breed bulls, 1250 from four Andalusian Black breed bulls, and 300 from three caprine Andalusian White breed males. It expects to preserve those collections, generating and managing the new incoming material, making the number of breeds and species increase until the first andalusian criosconserved zoogenetic resources stocktaking had been completed. This project intends to coordinate the National Bank in Colmenar Viejo (Madrid), the INIA, autochthonous breeds breeders associations, Public Administrations and other users, giving them advise and enabling periodic viability exams, using GENBANK for its own (and its duplicates) management and representing its data information, inventory and monitoring Centre

MEDIDAS MORFOMÉTRICAS DO ÚBERE DE OVELHAS DA RAÇA SANTA INÊS ESTADO DE RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL.
Quirino C.R., Madella-Oliveira A.F., Costa R.L.D., Costa-Henry F., Moulin C.H.S., pag 133-135.

 full pdf (download 736, size 1319 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this work was to aim the correlations between the characteristics of udder in females of Santa Ines breed. Had been used 45 sheep, multíparous, with ages between 2 and 8 years old, raised in the North of the state of Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. The female was retained in a trunk and then made the following measurements: measure skull-volume of uber (MCC), perimeter of uber (PU) and distance enters the insertion of the ceiling and the way left and right udder, sides (DtME/DtMD) with the metric ribbon use; e width of tetas left and right (LTE/LTD), height of tetas left and right (ATE/ATD), width of the base of the ceilings left and right (LBtE/LBtD), width of the tip of the ceilings left and right (LPtE/LPtD), length of the ceilings left and right (CtE/CtD) and distance enters the insertions (medial portion) of the ceilings (DIt); positioning of the ceilings, sides left and right (PtE/PtD) in relation teta (high, average or low) and consistency of uber - tetas left and right (MTE/MTD) with props up of 1 the 5. Also the sheep´s were weighted (POV) in the day of the lambing. The day of lactation was calculated (DLAC), deducting the date from the comment for the date of the lamb. The characteristics of udder presented high correlations and can be used in selection programs

EFECTO DEL CLENBUTEROL EN LOS NIVELES DE FOSFATASA ACIDA FRACCIÓN PROSTÁTICA, EN BOVINOS MACHOS
Paz-Calderón Nieto M., Caicedo Rivas R.E., Hernández Pérez B., pag 136-140. 

 full pdf (download 1261, size 1383 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The productive capacity of animals is subject to food and environmental conditions mainly, however, the reproductive capacity is restricted by the use of food additives, they are converted to anabolic when used at high concentrations, On the other hand, there are biochemical reproductive parameters that change with the abuse of these food additives and one of these is the prostatic acid phosphatase whose levels and their relationship to other metabolic parameters such as: cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides are unknown and how changes of these metabolites and enzymes affect the reproductive capacity of male animals cattle Bos indicus X Bos taurus. The aim of this study was to determine how it affects clenbuterol (Clb) levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and other metabolic parameters such as triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol and how these affect the morpho-physiology of the testis and epididymis. To test our hypothesis, we obtained blood samples, testes and epididymis of 150 animals, clenbuterol-fed vs. control animals (control). The results indicate that triglyceride levels in control animals of 79,5 ± 7,5 mg / dL and increases to 360,0 ± 34,3 mg / dL in animals treated with clenbuterol; cholesterol values ranged from 127,3 ± 6,5 mg / dL in control animals to 249,6 ± 2,3 mg / dL in animals treated with clenbuterol; glucose ranged from 58,3 ± 1,6 mg / dL to 25,7 ± control animals 1,7 mg / dL in animals treated with clenbuterol, on the other hand, prostatic acid phosphatase value control animals was 3,87 ± 0,3 U / L, compared with animals treated with clenbuterol, whose concentration reached 11,3 ± 1,2 U / L, the increase in all metabolic parameters were significant (* p <0,05 and ** p <0,01). We concluded that the use of clenbuterol in high concentrations produces morphological changes in testicular physiology in cattle; affect fertility and sperm production in animals of high genetic quality and animal husbandry in different areas creoles of the country because high levels of prostatic acid phosphatase determined that the animals develop prostatic cancer

USO DE MARCADORES MOLECULARES PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD INTRA-GANADERÍA EN LA RAZA BOVINA NEGRA ANDALUZA
Landi V, De la Haba M, Martínez A, Albardonedo D., Delgado J V, Camacho M E, pag 142-146. 

 full pdf (download 680, size 1716 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The ability to infer genealogical relationships among individuals in a population has been used in many research areas from biology to evolution and animal conservation. Zootechnical field applications include estimation of heritability, the reduction of inbreeding and the proper management of endangered breeding populations where there are known relationships between individuals and it is important to safeguard the family and different effective population. The Black Andalusian cattle breed is one of the most endangered in Spain due to the existence of few individuals and not a complete definition of the racial characteristics by the lack of a previous study of the production and genetic characterization. The shortage of players and no genetic connection can be and start a serious decline of the race as we have tested the reconstruction of pedigree livestock within-race while maintaining acceptable overall genetic diversity

DIVERSIDAD NUCLEOTÍDICA EN REGIONES REGULADORAS DE GENES RELACIONADOS CON EL METABOLISMO LIPÍDICO EN BOVINOS ESPAÑOLES Y CUBANOS
Sanz A., Serrano C., Uffo O., Ordovás L., Acosta A., Millán P., Martí–Burriel I., Osta R., Zaragoza P., Rodellar C., pag 147-150 

 full pdf (download 969, size 1381 KB)| ABSTRACT ESCONDER In this work we have investigated the variability of regulatory regions in key genes involved in lipid metabolism with potential impact on production parameters related with the quality of meat and milk derived products from cattle. We report the nucleotide diversity detected in the regulatory region of the genes coding for Fatty acid synthase (FASN), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), Perilipin (PLIN) and Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM); and Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in Bos Taurus and Bos indicus populations. Individuals from cattle breeds exploited in Spain (Asturiana de los Valles, Parda de Monta&ntilde;a, Pirenaica and Holstein-Friesian) and also a cuban zebu population (Cuban Zebu) have been studied. In total, 42 new polymorphisms have been identified. The largest nucleotide diversity was found in the regulatory regions of genes FASN, SCD, PLIN and MC4R in zebu; whilst the lowest one was found in the regulatory region of zebu GPAM. This differential variability suggests not only a greater diversity of progenitors of indicine vs taurine cattle, but also that selection pressures exerted mainly in Bos taurus commercial breeds to improve some economic and productive traits have diminished genetic variation. These results, given the key role of the genes studied in important metabolic pathways and differential domestication history of these species, may be an important starting point for using them in marker-assisted selection programs

DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE UN POLIMORFISMO DEL GEN LACTOFERRINA BOVINO (LTF) EN UNA POBLACIÓN DE VACAS HOLSTEIN DE COLOMBIAY SU ASOCIACIÓN CON COMPONENTES DE LA LECHE (RESULTADOS PELIMINARES)
Rodríguez C. N., Albeiro López H., Echeverri J., pag 151-153.

 full pdf (download 644, size 132 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In the present study we determined the allele and genotype frequencies of lactoferrin gene polymorphism and estimated some parameters of population structure in a Holstein population of Antioquia, Colombia. Significant associations were found between the lactoferrin gene and protein percentage and somatic cell count, findings make it possible to approach an appropriate molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS).

VARIABILIDAD EN DOS SNPS LOCALIZADOS EN DOS SECUENCIAS CODIFICANTES EN LA POBLACIÓN DE VACAS HOLSTEIN DE ANTIOQUIA
Rincón J.C., López A., Echeverri J.J., pag 154-156.  

 full pdf (download 280, size 1304 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Holstein dairy cattle in Antioquia has been subjected to different degrees of selection pressures and, at present, parameters of population structure and genetic diversity for some polymorphisms of importance for performance. Therefore, this investigation was carried out using two molecular markers SNPs located on the bovine growth hormone and prolactin genes, in order to obtain information on the genetic diversity of Holstein population of Antioquia and its structure

EVALUACIÓN DEL EFECTO DE LA FRAGMENTACIÓN POBLACIONAL DEL BOVINO CRIOLLO YACUMEÑO SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD MITOCONDRIAL
Pereira J.A.C., Posik D.M., Hoyos R., Lirón, J.P., Loza A., De Luca J.C., Peral-García P., Giovambattista G., pag 157-160.

 full pdf (download 794, size 1374 KB)| abstract ESCONDER An ex situ conservation program (CP) of Yacume&ntilde;o cattle was established, in order to obtain the animals for the CP, the original herd was fragmented. With the aim to evaluate the effect of the fragmentation on the mitochondrial diversity 28 sequences of the D-loop mitochondrial of 14 individuals sampled in 1998 (original herd) and 14 animals sampled in 2010 (fragmented herd) were analyzed. The results of the nucleotide diversity and the mean of pairwise differences in the Creole cattle were 0.110 ± 0.073 and 1.757 ± 1.051 respectively. None of these estimations showed values higher than the animals sampled in the year 2010 (0.124 ± 0.083 and 1.978 ± 1.188). The results show that no loss of mitochondrial diversity was detected due to the split of the original herd. In addition, the study determined that the European (T3) and the African (T1) haplogroups are present in the Yacume&ntilde;o herd represented by 11 haplotypes. One of them is unique to the Yacume&ntilde;o Herd

ANÁLISIS DE ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LOS SNPS DE LA KAPPA CASEÍNA (CSN3) Y VALORES GENÉTICOS PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN LECHERA EN LA RAZA CAPRINA MURCIANO-GRANADINA
Landi V., Gómez M., Pleguezuelos J., Gama T. L., Carolino N., Delgado J. V., Martínez A., pag 161-164.

 full pdf (download 838, size 1359 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The milk "casein" type proteins in goats are controlled by four genes located in the so-called casein complex on chromosome 6. Many studies that confront the genotypes of these genes with the amount of the corresponding proteins in milk or with several technical features as the clotting ability of proteins to produce cheese. But there is difficulty in finding a population under production control and with standardized phenotypic observations in this species. This work is part of a larger study aimed to study the complex of casein (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, y CSN3) in Murciano- Granadina goat breed. In this first study, the SNPs present in the K casein gene were analyzed using the technique of SnapShot including them in an statistical model to assess if does exist association between breeding values for milk production traits of animals studied. The results show a significant association between genotype with total milk production at 210 days. A difference between the two genotypes has been found. Further studies including more animals and the other three casein genes which are still remaining, are necessary.This work was partially supported by Torres Quevedo Program of MCI ministry

CARACTERIZACIÓN GENÉTICA DE LA POBLACIÓN DE CABRAS AUTÓCTONAS DE LA REGIÓN APURÍMAC DE PERú
Gómez N.C., Ferrando A., Jordana J., pag 165-168. 

 full pdf (download 783, size 1335 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Raising goats, in the region Apurimac from Peru, is an important source of food and income for many families. For this reason a study was conducted to characterize the genetic diversity of the local goat population. Genetic diversity was evaluated in 62 native goats from both sexes, grouped into four subpopulations: Abancay, Andahuaylas, Chincheros and Grau by means of 13 microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity of the loci was high, with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.73 and a mean number of alleles per locus of 8.23. The four subpopulations showed similar levels of genetic diversity (not significant differences). The estimated FST was 0.014, suggesting that genetic differentiation between subpopulations is small (1.4%)

EVALUACIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA GENÉTICA DEL GANADO CRIOLLO HARTÓN DEL VALLE AL VIRUS DE LA LEUCOSIS BOVINA
Hernández Herrera D., Posso Terranova A., Muñoz Flórez A. P., Giovambattista G., Álvarez Franco L. A., pag 169-172. 

 full pdf (download 867, size 651 KB)| abstract ESCONDER DRB3.2* gene has been linked with productive traits and diseases. The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has a high prevalence in Colombia. The main objective of this work was to associate different alleles of DRB3.2* gen with the presence of BLV in HartÓn del Valle Creole Colombian breed, using molecular techniques. 23% of the animals had the BLV. We found 37alleles BoLA-DRB3.2 *, the most frequent were * 1101, * 20012, * 2006, * 2801. Positive association was found (resistance, R) in three alleles (*1101, * 2709 and * 20012), neutral (N) and negative in 31 alleles (susceptibility, S) alleles * 1002, * 25011, and * R-146. Resistant alleles showed a higher frequency than susceptible alleles. Resistance data are consistent with both methodologies. Genotyping showed a higher number of individuals with genotype RR (19%) than SS (1%), while the NN were 43% and 32%NR. Genotype RS was not found in the test animals

POLIMORFISMO DEL GEN BoLA DRB3.2 EN VACAS HOLSTEIN Y BONXHOLSTEIN USANDO PCR-RFLP
Zambrano J. C., Eecheverri J., López-Herrera A., pag 173-176.

 full pdf (download 987, size 1334 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Nowaday the use of molecular markers is a tool widely used in breeding programs. The polymorphism of BoLA DRB3.2 gene has been associated with traits of high importance in dairy cattle as resistance or susceptibility to mastitis and other diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the BoLA DRB3.2 allele patterns in a population of pure and crossbred Holstein cows with BON (white with black ears) (BXH), breed adapted to the tropics of Colombia. In this study were identified twenty seven BoLA DRB3.2 alleles with frequencies ranging from 0,8-15,9% in Holstein brred and from 2-20% in BxH. The five most frequents alleles to Holstein were BoLA DRB3.2* 23, 22, 24, 16 y 8 with a frequencie accumulate of 56.1% and the five more frequents alleles to BxH were: BoLA DRB3.2*23, 24, 20, 39 and 22 with frequencies ranging from 2 to 20%; in theBxH group was identified using nucleotides sequences analysis a new allele, the fbd, never reprted by any researcher

ASOCIACIÓN GENÉTICA DEL GEN BOLA DRB3.2 CON MASTITIS EN VACAS HOLSTEIN Y BONXHOLSTEIN
Zambrano J. C., Eecheverri J., López-Herrera A., pag 177-180.

 full pdf (download 876, size 1341 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In bovines the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is known as Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) and some alleles of it has been associated with problems of udder health. In this study was evaluted the polymorphisms in the exon 2 of BoLA DRB3 gene in 91 cows, 66 Holstein and 25 cross breed BON x Holstein (BxH) from Paysandú Herd of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Using molecular techniques PCR-RFLP and sequencing, were identified 27 alleles, finding allelic frequencies from 0,8 to 15,9% in the Holstein cattle and from 2 to 20% in BxH cattle. Potential associations were determined using a statistic model to determine the effect of the genetic substitution, in which the allele BoLA DRB3.2*24 was the substitution allele. The alleles associated with subclinical mastitis were the allele DRB3.2*8 (P< 0,10) and *14 (P< 0,01) with susceptibility to subclinical mastitis, on the other hand the allele *33 was associated with resistance to this disease (P < 0,01). To clinical mastitis were not found significant associations.

PRIMEROS ESTUDIOS MOLECULARES DEL GEN ESR EN CERDOS DE LA RAZA PAMPA ROCHA (URUGUAY).
Montenegro M., Castro G., Barlocco N., Vadell A., Llambí S., pag 181-183. 

 full pdf (download 780, size 1493 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The breed of pigs Pampa Rocha is one of the three genetic resources of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. This race is in a situation without risk to preserve, according to FAO classification. In the present paper reports the first molecular studies of the gene encoding the estrogen receptor (ESR). This gene is related to litter size in pigs, and thus has important economically. It is currently at the stage of development of the RFLP technique. For conventional PCR amplification using specific primers are used, obtaining a 120 bp amplicon, which was subsequently digested with the restriction enzyme Pvu II to generate a characteristic pattern of digestion. Several authors have associated with the B allele with increased litter size. In the future we seek to establish through statistical methods, the relationship between the genotype of the animals tested with reproductive records (litter size). The study of a candidate gene, such as ESR, using molecular markers, will continue the molecular-genetic characterization of a breed of pigs in our country, which is of great importance for the understanding and conservation of it

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL GEN SLA-DQB EN EL CERDO PELÓN DE YUCATÁN MÉXICO
Cen V., Sierra A., Alonso R., Zamora R., Ortiz J., Reyes A., pag 184-186. 

 full pdf (download 844, size 1828 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The major histocompatibility complex in swine leukocyte antigen known as, and is an important genetic region that influences disease resistance, level of polymorphism is associated with the host's immune capacity. The pig hair-less Yucatan is a local genotype that originated with pigs introduced during the conquest, and is believed to possess an innate resistance to disease. We analyzed the DQB gene polymorphism in the leukocyte antigens in Yucatan hairless pigs. DQB gene was amplified from 30 pigs and digested with two restriction enzymes HaeIII and RSAL. Were cloned and analyzed the sequences in ten pigs of different municipalities. HaeIII sites were detected: 84, 167, 168, 171, 190, 191, 201, 202, 219 and 220, generating five alleles of which three were new. With RSAL four sites were identified: 27, 111, 141 and 142, generating four alleles, of which two were new. It can be concluded that the local pig DQB gene Yucatan expressed a certain level of polymorphism, and information technologies were cloning by PCR (reaction polymerase chain) and enzymatic sequencing. You should continue the study using more samples

FRECUENCIAS ALÉLICAS DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CALIDAD DE LA LECHE Y DE LA CANAL EN DOS RAZAS LECHERAS DE TABASCO
Quiroz V. J., Constantino A. M., Granados Z. L., Landi V., pag 187-190. 

 full pdf (download 884, size 1344 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In Latin-American and particularly in México genomics is now used in animals’ improvement programs. In general, tropical regions use other breeds in relation to the template areas and because of this, it is important the characterization of haplotypes related to the characteristics of economical importance. Blood samples of 15 Gyr breed animals were analyzed (two farms) and 15 from synthetic Tauríndicus breed (two farms) with the aim of knowing the allelic frequencies in related genes against milk quality and meet in two bovine populations in the Mexican tropic,. PCR-RFLP analysis was made to type each SNP. The studied genes were k-casein, tiroglobuline and CAST, related to cheese yield, meat marbling and meat tenderness. The allelic frequencies of the favorable allele for the k-casein gene were of 15% and 6% in the populations of Tauríndicus and Gyr respectively. For the tiroglobuline marbling gene the favorable allele frequency was that of 15.8% and 0.0% and that of Calpaina (CAST) 58% and 53% in the populations of Tauríndicus and Gyr respectively. Frequencies in favorable alleles are rare in Gyr race which is the foundation of many tropical milk production programs, for this reason, it will be necessary to incorporate these alleles through systematic crosses followed by absorption with the aim of obtaining meat and milk of better quality

POLIMORFISMOS DE LOS GENES CALPAINA Y CALPASTATINA EN DIEZ RAZAS BOVINAS CRIOLLAS MEDIANTE SIETE MARCADORES DE POLIMORFISMO DE NUCLEÓTIDOS SIMPLE (SNPS)
Cuetia J. A., Posso A. M., Hernadez D. Y., Ariza M. F., Mu&ntilde;oz J. E., Alvarez L. A., pag 191-194.  

 full pdf (download 1041, size 1353 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Most of the important characteristics in animal production are controlled by several genes and its expression depends on the interaction of several pairs of genes with effects under the characteristic in different proportions. Two of the genes with major importance in production, composition and meat quality are Calpain (CAPN1) and Calpastatin (CAST). The main aim of this study was to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies of different SNPs for CAPN1 and CAST genes, in order to be compared with commercial breed’s frequencies using techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). At moment, 30 DNA samples from each GCC have been used. Fragments of 731bp, 568bp, 144bp, 224bp, 177bp and 269bp have been amplified for CAPN316, CAPN530, CAPN4751, CAPN4753, CAPN5331 and CAST2959 markers. Using PCR-RFLP has been genotyped marker CAPN4751 where the most frequent genotype was the heterozygous (CT) with 67% and marker CAST2959 which showed highest frequency of allele (A) with 67%. The favorable alleles variants for tenderness of the meat (C in CAPN4751 and A in CAST2959) are appreciably segregated in the population sampled

POLIMORFISMO DO GENE LEPTINA (SNP305) EM BOVINOS E SUA IMPLICAÇÃO NA MACIEZ DE CARNE
Lara M. A. C., Pinatti E.,Faria M. H., Resende F. D., Pivetta A. J., Gutmanis G.,Cavalcante Neto A., pag 195-198.

 full pdf (download 749, size 1340 KB)| abstract ESCONDER It has been reported significant effects of leptin gene on features of commercial interest, especially the deposition of fat in the meat, meat marbling, percentage of milk fat, milk production, sexual precocity, energy expenditure and some immune system functions. Due to its importance, the polymorphism in exon 2 of leptin gene (SNP305 - ANY138588) was investigated by PCR-RFLP using the enzyme Kpn2I, in 352 cattle belonging to the breeds Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Nellore and Caracu. The shear force (FC) was analyzed including the fixed effects of genotypes (CC, CT, TT), genetic group and, as a covariate, the age at slaughter or batch. The results showed that TT genotype animals had lower FC values (P <0.05). Heterozygotes had, on average, more meat tenderness in -0.2345 kg and TT homozygotes, -0.469 kg. The TT genotype was not detected in Nelore cattle, and Caracu, genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT were 0.2340, 0.5957 and 0.1703, respectively. The results observed in cattle Caracu could indicate the great potential of these breed and other natives and Criollos to produce quality meat

CARACTERIZACIÓN GENÉTICA DEL GANADO CRIOLLO LIMONERO A TRAVÉS DE GENES DE INTERÉS PRODUCTIVO
Aranguren-Méndez J. A., Portillo M. G., Yáñez L. F., Rincón X., Contreras G., Villasmil-Ontiveros Y., pag 199-202. 

 full pdf (download 1049, size 1349 KB)| abstract ESCONDER DNA samples from 163 animals of Limonero cattle breed were analyzed (44 males and 119 females) at several candidates genes for milk and meat production (CSN3, BLG, CAST and CAPN) in,. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP technique, the allele, genotype frequencies and EHW were compared using chi-square. The results showed the CSN3 allele frequency of 0.11 for the homozygous AA, 0.56 for the heterozygous AB and 0.33 for the BB homozygote, the BLG frequencies were 0.07, 0.29 and 0.64, for genotypes AA, AB and BB, respectively. The data obtained for meat quality genes were 0.84, 0.03 and 0.13 for genotypes AA, AB and BB, respectively, for the CAST gene. For the CAPN gene the results were AA (0, 1 5), AG (0.56) and GG (0.29). It is noteworthy that the finding of a high frequency of allele B for milk proteins provides useful evidence for the production of cheeses. Besides the presence of genotypes GG for the CAPN gene and AA for the CAST gene, could give a great potencial for meat tenderness and quality selection. These results will be very useful to establish marker-assisted selection plans, and will give an added value to the Creole Limonero cattle in production systems

RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES DE LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL PERFIL LIPÍDICO DE LA CARNE EN LA RAZA BOVINA MALLORQUINA
Nogales S., Pons A., Delgado J. V.¸ Bressan M. C., Vaz A.P., Gama L. T., Nave A., Crespi J. L., Puigserver G., Camacho M. E., pag 204-208. 

 full pdf (download 658, size 1375 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Seven animals of the Mallorquina cattle breed with live weight of 445±17,32 and aged around 32 months were slaughtered in a commercial slaughter plant, with the purposes of quantifying intramuscular fat (IMF) and lipid profiles in the longissimus thoracis muscle. Animals were fed ad libitum with grain (70% barley, Hordeum vulgare, 30% fava beans, Vicia faba) and oats hay (Avena sativa). The IMF was measured in natura using the Soxhlet method. Fatty acids were extracted from freeze-dried muscle samples, then methylated by the transmethylation combined method and submitted to gas chromatography using a 100 meters capillary column. The mean IMF was 1,38±0,82%. The lipid profiles indicate a total of 42,4% for SFA, 35,1% for MUFA and 22,4% for PUFA. The hyperlipidemic SFA C14:0 and C16:0 had means of 1,28 and 20,08%, respectively. The total for n-6 PUFA was 19,81% (C18:2 n-6 with 14,34%). This value is considered to be high in ruminants and could be due to the elevated concentration in n-6 fatty acids in barley and fava bean grains, associated with the presence of polyphenolic compounds. The C18:1 trans-11 (trans-vaccenic acid or pre-CLA) and the C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (rumenic acid or CLA) had means of 0,25 y 0,09%, respectively, which are considered normal cattle meat. When compared with others cattle breeds under commercial feeding systems, our results indicates that Mallorquina meat is a differentiated product, probably due to the low amount of IMF, and reflects the effects of feeding, breed, physiological and environmental conditions

EFECTO DEL ORIGEN DE LA FLOR DEL CARDO (Cynara cardunculus) EN LA COAGULACIÓN DE LECHE CRUDA DE CABRA
Fresno, M., Álvarez, S., Hernández Y., López, N., González Mendoza, L. A., Camacho, E., pag 209-213.

 full pdf (download 968, size 1369 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Vegetable rennet is used traditionally in the production of sheep milk cheeses, this paper examines their use in the coagulation of goat milk as a possible diversification of the production, and these cheeses are soft and suitable for vegetarian diets. We analyze the effect of flower type (wild or cultivated), the harvest year (2009 and 2010), the concentration of the aqueous extract (7, 9 and 11 gramos/100ml water) and the days of sample preparation (24 hours, 7 and 14 days) in the clotting time, pH, colour and cheese technology. Wild thistle flowers had a reduced clotting time compared with cultivated. There is variation in clotting times regardless of the origin of the flower, the date of collection and concentration of the solution. It is observed that the higher concentration of flower extract obtained short clotting times. The enzyme activity tends to decrease with days of preparation of vegetable extract. The time of collection and concentration do not have a clear effect on the pH. All extracts were acidic. As the concentration of extract increases the brightness decreased. The results of clotting time in the laboratory are in concordance with the ones obtained in experimental cheese factory so it is possible to use a simple formula for estimating the clotting time. Non effect on cheese yield was observed

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA CANAL DE LA RAZA BOVINA GALLEGA FRIEIRESA
González, R. M., Franco, D., Fernández, M., Justo, J. R., Moreno, T., Lama, J., Rivero, C. J., Lorenzo, J. M., pag 214-217.  

 full pdf (download 835, size 1336 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In Galicia (NW Spain) there are currently five endangered cattle breeds: Cachena, Caldelá, Frieiresa, Limiá and Vianesa. To preserve this animal patrimony and promoting its recovery and commercial exploitation is necessary to conduct studies for the identification, description and characterization. For this purpose, this work aims to study the carcass characteristics of one of these breeds: Frieiresa breed. 7 males reared with their mothers in an extensive system and slaughtered at 8-10 months were used. The carcass parameters studied were: conformation, fatness state, morphometry, commercial cuts and tisular composition. The carcass yield was similar in all animals tested (48.6±0.2%). In general, the carcass showed a O conformation, low fatness level (fatness state of 2) and low compactness indexes (<1.2 kg/cm). The hind part of the carcass showed a higher proportion (64%) than the front part and the tisular composition in meat, bone and fat was 72.2%, 23.0% and 4.8%, respectively.

EFECTO DE LA RAZA (MOS VS. SASSO T-44) SOBRES LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS NUTRICIONALES DE GALLOS CRIADOS EN LIBERTAD
Lorenzo J. M., Rois D., Purriños L., Rivero C. J., Fernandez M., Franco D., pag 218-221.

 full pdf (download 681, size 1347 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The effect of breed (Mos vs. Sasso T-44) on nutritional characteristics of cocks from livestock production system were studied. For this work, a total of 25 Mos cocks breed and 25 Sasso T-44 cocks breed from extensive production system and slaughtered at 8 months were used. After slaughter, breast was excised and fatty acid and amino acid were analyzed. Fatty acid profile showed significant differences between breeds, found higher values for palmitic acid (27.49 vs. 29.06%, P<0.001) and oleic (30.18 vs. 34.36%, P<0.001) from Sasso T-44 samples, although Mos breed showed higher contents for stearic (9.48 vs. 8.25%, P<0.001) and linoleic (19.78 vs. 17.70%, P<0.001). ώ3 content was also higher in Mos samples (2.22 vs. 1.57%, P<0.001) and ώ6/ώ3 ratio was lesser in samples from Mos breed (12.01 vs. 14.33%, P<0.001). On the other hand, amino acid content did not show significant differences between breeds, although samples from Mos breed showed higher levels of essential amino acids (10635 vs. 10539 mg/100g, P>0.05), where lysine was the most abundant, followed by isoleucine and phenylalanine. Within no essential amino acids, glutamic acid was the most important, followed by arginine and aspartic acid

CALIDAD DE LA CARNE DE RAZA BOVINA FRIEIRESA
González R. M., Franco D., Fernández M., Justo J. R., Moreno T., Lama, J., Lorenzo J. M., Rivero C. J., pag 222-225. 

 full pdf (download 1175, size 1345 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Cachena, Caldelá, Frieiresa, Limiá and Vianesa cattle breeds, are five autochthonous breeds of Galicia at present classified as Endangered Breed. To leave this condition, the production of these animals have to reach an acceptable economic performance, being important additional studies on the physicochemical and nutritional quality of their meat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the meat quality of Frieiresa cattle breed, without published data so far. For this, 7 males reared with their mothers in an extensive system and slaughtered at 8-10 months were used. After ageing the carcass for 48 hours, Biceps femoris muscle (silverside) was extracted in which were made the following determinations: pH, colour, chemical composition, water holding capacity and texture. Values of chemical compounds obtained were within normal ranges for lean meats (fat: <1%, protein> 20% and moisture> 77%). In addition, the meat samples showed a high luminosity (L*>40) and redness (a*>19) and a hardness less than 5 kg/cm2 in the Warner-Bratzler test.

EFECTO DEL ENVASADO EN LA VIDA úTIL DE CARNE DE TERNERA CACHENA PROCEDENTE DE DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE EXPLOTACIÓN
González R. M., Franco D., Rivero C. J., Fernández M., Justo J. R., Lama J., Moreno T., García-Fontán M. C., Lorenzo J. M., pag 226-230. 

 full pdf (download 1108, size 1432 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) systems on the quality and shelf life of beef steaks from Cachena breed calves. These animals (two groups of five animals each) were reared in extensive and intensive production systems, respectively, so the effect of livestock production system on meat quality was evaluated too. Steaks from Longisimus thoracis were cut at day 7 postmortem, packed individually under vacuum (98%) and in different combinations of gases (M1: 80% O2-20% CO2 and M2: 65% O2-35% CO2), and stored at 4ºC for 14 days. Each sampling day (0, 5, 9 and 14), pH, color parameters (L*, a*, b*), mioglobyn content, moisture, lipid oxidation (TBARS), cooking losses and microbial spoilage (psychrotrophs and anaerobic mesophilic bacteria) were measured. L* values of samples from intensive system were higher than samples from extensive system in all sampling points; also, a* and b* values were higher in samples from intensive system at day 0. Samples stored in vacuum package showed the lowest microbial counts and TBARS values with respect to the MA packages (M1 and M2). Between production systems, the lowest TBARS values were obtained in samples from intensive system

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CARCAÇA DE OVINOS SANTA INÊS E MORADA NOVA ABATIDOS COM DIFERENTES PESOS
Costa R. G, Andrade M. G. L.P, Medeiros G. R, Azevedo P. S, Medeiros, A. N, Pinto T. F, Soares J. N., Suassuna J. M. A, pag 231-234. 

 full pdf (download 994, size 1343 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this trial was to evaluate the carcass characteristics and the cut yields measured in the carcass of Santa Inês and Morada Nova sheep finished in feedlot system. Forty-eight (24 Santa Inês and 24 Morada Nova) non-castrated male sheep, averaging 16,62 ± 2,10 kg kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study, distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial scheme 4 x 2, four slaughter weights (22, 25, 28 and 31 kg) and two genotypes, were used in this trial. The empty body weight, weights and yields of hot and cold carcass showed a linear increasing. There was a significant effect slaughter weight on the weights of the leg, loin, ribs, shoulder and neck. Rising slaughter weight increases the weights and yield carcass of native sheep. The Santa Inês sheep carcass cuts were heavier the than Morada Nova carcass cuts. It is recommended the slaughter weight from 28 to 31 kg

AVANCE DE RESULTADOS DE PARÁMETROS DE CRECIMIENTO Y CANAL DE CORDEROS DE OVELLA GALEGA SACRIFICADOS A 4 MESES
Adán S., Fernández M., Domínguez B., Justo J. R., Arias A., García-Fontán, M. C., Lorenzo, J. M., Lama, J. J., Rois D., Franco, D., Béjar P., pag 235-238. 

 full pdf (download 740, size 1382 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In the present work has made a study of growth and the carcass, in two groups of single birth males lambs of Ovella Galega to the slaughter age of 4 months. The Ovella Galega is a rustic breed that grows up in extensive production, it’s from Galicia (Spain). This breed is adapted to the environment where it lives.The lambs after the 45 days of age were tested to two production systems: extensive and semiextensive. In the results have been obtained significant differences since the 45 days of age, in the weight and average dayly gain for the parameters of growth; and the carcass weight, commercial and slaughter carcass yields and shrink losses

UTILIZACIÓN DE ENSILADO DE PLATANERA EN LA ALIMENTACIÓN DE LAS CABRAS: EFECTO EN LA CALIDAD FÍSICO-QUÍMICA Y SENSORIAL DE LOS QUESOS ELABORADOS CON LECHE CRUDA DE CABRA
Álvarez S., Fresno M., Rodríguez A. V., Méndez P., Camacho E., pag 239-242. 

 full pdf (download 865, size 1334 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Food represents the highest production cost of livestock. The use of agroindustrial by-products, banana by-products, can reduced these costs and minimize environmental problems caused by their accumulation. This study examines the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cheeses made with milk from goats fed with banana wastes: DP1 and DP2 with 20% and 35% of banana silage respectively of the total DM, compared with a standard diet (DT). The physicochemical composition and texture profile of the cheeses was not affected significantly. Some differences were observed in odour aroma and taste

ESTADO DE ENGORDURAMENTO DA CARCAÇA DE OVINOS SANTA INÊS E MORADA NOVA ABATIDOS COM DIFERENTES PESOS
Medeiros G. R, Costa R. G, Andrade M. G. L. P., Azevedo P. S, Medeiros A. N, Pinto T. F, Soares J. N., Suassuna J. M. A, pag 243-246. 

 full pdf (download 669, size 1787 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The objective of this trial was to evaluate the fat score in the carcass of Santa Inês and Morada Nova sheep finished in feedlot system. Forty-eight (24 Santa Inês and 24 Morada Nova) non-castrated male sheep, averaging 16,62 ± 2,10 kg kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study, distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial scheme 4 x 2, four slaughter weights (22, 25, 28 and 31 kg) and two genotypes, were used in this trial. The slaughter weight and genotype influenced the cold carcass weights, as the grade rule (GR) and the weights of subcutaneous, intermuscular, inguinal, renal and pelvic fats as well as the total weight of these depots and their percentages in relation to cold carcass weight. The weights of fat depots also increased linearly with increasing slaughter weight. Significant interaction of weight slaughter versus breed for the weights of the renal fat and total fat.

EFECTO DE LA RAZA Y EL TIEMPO DE MADURACIÓN DE LA CARNE DE BOVINO SOBRE LA CAPACIDAD DE RETENCIÓN DE AGUA
Leal Gutiérrez J. D., Jiménez Robayo L. M., Ariza Botero M. F., Manrique C., López J., Ríos M., Castro S., Pinilla Y., Ortiz Y., Muñoz M., Jiménez A., pag 247-250.  

 full pdf (download 991, size 1351 KB)| abstract ESCONDER WHC was measured in aged raw meat using the muscles Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) of 138 cross cattle. For LD, the best values to 7 day were obtained in Normand and Limousin cross and to 14 and 21 days in Limousin cross. For ST the best value to 7 day were obtained in Limousin cross and to 14 day was not observed differences between breeds. The Romosinuano and BON cross breeds showed the highest values to 21 days

EFECTO DE LA RAZA Y EL TIEMPO DE MADURACIÓN DE LA CARNE DE BOVINO SOBRE LA CARACTERISTICA PÉRDIDAS POR COCCIÓN
Leal Gutiérrez J. D., Jiménez Robayo L. M., Ariza Botero M. F., Manrique C., López J., Ríos M., Castro S., Pinilla Y., Ortiz Y., Muñoz M., Jiménez A., pag 251-253. 

 full pdf (download 834, size 1325 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This paper advocates the application of the term ‘technology’ for the traditional knowledge accumulated by rural populations around the world, who carry out small-scale agricultural production. The argument is that this knowledge has been accumulated over many years (centuries in many cases) with inputs from many generations of people who have undertaken empirical research processes until they obtain the repetition of the expected results. At the same time, this paper offers specific examples about livelihoods, local values, dependence and marginalization that later allow to argue that the local communities have better possibilities of achieving their food security without relying on global schemes proposed by international institutions or foreign policies. Two case studies of traditional technologies from México and Guatemala are presented

ESTRATEGIA DE REINTRODUCCIÓN DE POLLITO CRIOLLO EN LOCALIDADES RURALES
Vázquez Romero G., Jaramillo Rojas I., pag 256-258. 

 full pdf (download 792, size 869 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This work was done in the town of Nopalucan, Puebla, Mexico based on the organization of a women´s group called "Women of the Future" which sought support for a productive project of Artificial Incubation to the Secretary of Rural Development (SDR) of the State Government of Puebla, which is awarded in the last months of 2010. The group began the artificial incubation of egg laying hens purchased from a chicken farm and then sell the 8-week-old chick posture house to house in different communities, and lived a situation in which they were continually asked for chicken creole, consequently they contact and link from January 2011 to date with the hen creole peasant households in the municipalities of both Ixtacamaxtitlán and Libres in the State of Puebla to be provided of egg creole. Methodology: A meeting was done in order to know both projects assisting the district delegate of Libres of the SDR and the promoter of the municipality. It´s designed a marketing plan that articulates both chains and generates the strategy of introducing creole chicken from house to house in different locations that previously were selling posture chick. Results: In the face of social requirements and also with the low presence of landraces in the rural region of Nopalucan detected in the observation of visiting house to house, until now, all production of native chicken now runs out. Conclusions: This marketing strategy of Creole chicken “from house to house” in the region of Nopalucan benefits the return of this genetic packages to their niches from they were displaced by specialized genetic packages

CURVA DE CRECIMIENTO DE LA RAZA CERCO CELTA (SUBVARIEDAD BARCINA) A DIFERENTES EDADES DE SACRIFICIO
Franco D., García, A., Vázquez, J. A., Fernández, M., Carril, J. A., Lorenzo, J. M., pag 259-263. 

 full pdf (download 983, size 1415 KB)| abstract ESCONDER For the correct development of breed recovery programs is particularly important to know the growth curves. The Celta pig breed (included in the Official Catalogue of Cattle’s Breeds of Spain as being in danger of extinction R.D. 2129/2008) is showing a recovery in the census. The aim of the present work is to study the growth curves of Celta pig breed, both male and female slaughtered at different ages. A total of 52 animals (24 castrated males and 28 females) from Barcine line of three different extensive exploitations and slaughtered at 12, 14 and 16 months of age were used. Growth curves were adjusted to a reparameterized version of the logistic equation. In all cases the correlation coefficients between expected and observed values were higher than 0.995 and the models were consistent. Differences in maximum weights of growth between males and females did not were significant for any of the slaughtered ages studied (P>0.05). On the contrary, there were significant differences (P<0.05) for maximum weight between animals slaughtered at 16 months compared to pigs slaughtered at 12 and 14 months of age. Neither, there were significant differences (P>0.05) by sex or slaughter age effect on the average daily gain during throughout the growth curve and the values obtained were 340 and 350 g for males and females slaughtered at 12 months, 320 and 360 g for males and females slaughtered at 14 months and 310 for both sexes in pigs slaughtered at 16 months

ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LOS GRUPOS GENÉTICOS HOLSTEIN, JERSEY Y ALGUNOS DE SUS CRUCES EN UN HATO LECHERO DEL NORTE DE ANTIOQUIA EN COLOMBIA
Echeverri J. J., Arango J., Parra J. E., pag 264-267. 

 full pdf (download 1301, size 1346 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The dairy sector in Colombia has increased its development in recent years and is important in terms of its contribution to total gross domestic product. Genetic groups that have the largest inventory are Holstein and Jersey, they have the largest volume of production and higher percentage of milk components, respectively This paper compares the genetic groups Holstein and Jersey with some of his crosses and evaluates their productive performance, reproductive and economic

EFECTO DE LA ESTRATEGIA DE AMAMANTAMIENTO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO DE BECERROS Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN UN SISTEMA DE DOBLE PROPÓSITO DEL ZULIA, VENEZUELA
Chirinos Z., Faría-Mármol J., Gómez A., LeÓn L., Quiñones R., pag 268-271. 

 full pdf (download 666, size 1342 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In order to compare the effect of strategies suckling: traditional predominant in the Zulia region (TS;n=8) versus delayed suckling (DS;n=8) on preweaning weight gain (WG), milk consumed by calves (MC), height at cross (HC), body length (BL), and milk production of cows, a trial was conducted for 100 days at the farm "Alto Viento" belonging to the Faculty of Agronomy of the Zulia University. Were used sixteen fresh crossbred cows and their calves, homogeneous in terms of parity, milk production in previous lactation, breed and sex of calf. Cows in TS were completely milked twice a day in only three udders, leaving one for the calf witch stayed with the mother 30 min. after each milking (2:00 am and 2:00 pm) and supplemented with commercial feed at 100, 200, 300 gr during the first, second and third month of age. Cows in DS were completely milked once a day (2 am), finished milking the calf was immediately retired, and 8 hours after milking were allowed to nurse for 30 min. Were used a generalized randomized block design. WG and MC were higher (P <0.05) in DS with 0.397 ± 0.02 y 3.9 ± 0.2 and 3.9 ± 0.2 kg/day vs TS with 0.287 ± 0.02 and 3.0 ± 0.3 kg/day., respectively. HC and BL showed similar results in TS (83.8 ± 1.3 and 69.1± 1.7 cm) and DS (86.2 ± 1.1 and 71.4 ± 1.7 cm), respectively. Total milk production and saleable was higher (P <0.05) in cows milked in TS with average of 12.4 ± 0.6 y 9.4 ± 0,3 kg/day respectively. TS appear to provide an alternative for improving preweaning growth of calves

EFECTOS DE LA SELECCIÓN DIRIGIDA EN POBLACIONES DE GALLINAS ARAUCANAS EN PATAGONIA NORTE ARGENTINA
Subiabre M. S., Lanari M. R. ,Von Thungen J., Bunge M. M., pag 272-275. 

 full pdf (download 792, size 947 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The effect of artificial selection on chicken populations was evaluated in four sites in the Argentinean North-Patagonia, including Neuquén province and the west of Rio Negro. Morphological information was obtained from 210 animals between males and females, provided by six different families as well as the breeder’s preferences regarding characteristics. The observed features were: morphotypes (colloncas, quetros, ordinary); feather color (homogeneous heterogeneous); type of crest (simple, pea-like, nut-like) and flesh development (wide breast; undeveloped breast); egg color (green, sky-blue). Data were expressed in terms of frequency relating to sites and characteristics with observed features and the selection criteria. Based on the frequencies, two matrixes (4x12) of chi-square distances were obtained and correlated to test dissimilarity. The correlation coefficient was 0.77. This result shows that one of the main modeling factors in the studied populations is artificial selection, which depends on the needs the breeders have to cover

PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN CABRAS CRIOLLAS CON Y SIN SUPLEMENTACIÓN FORRAJERA EN CHUQUISACA, BOLIVIA
Stemmer A., Aruzamen J., pag 276-279.

 full pdf (download 1290, size 906 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A study was carried out on milk production of Criollo goats in a semi arid environment of the department of Chuquisaca, Bolivia. The objective was to evaluate the effect of supplemental feeding of native forage in relation to free range grazing on milk production, weight gain of goats and kids. Twenty-five goats were evaluated, all in their second lactation and with life kids, in four small holder flocks. Traits evaluated were: quantity of milk produced per week and month, body weight of goats at onset and end of trial, weekly weight of kids, during four months in the dry season. Three rations were evaluated with different proportions of churqui pods (Prosopis ferox) (between 250 and 400 g), plus 200 g of cladode from tuna (Opuntia sp.), 100 g of lucerne meal and 5 g of mineral salt. Data were analyzed with the SAS statistical program. Goats kept only on free range grazing (control group) produced significantly less milk from the third week of trial onwards (0,685±0,07 kg per week) compared to treatments 2, 3 and 4 with a mean of 1,20±0,07 kg/week, without significant differences between them. During the 4 months of trial, milk production was 352,4 kg; 30,4 kg more than the control. Milk production was significantly different, too, between flocks. Goats of the control group lost 6 kg of body weight compared to 3 kg in goats receiving supplements. Body weight of kids did not differ significantly. Cost benefit ratio of the native forage supplements was 2,49. It is concluded that the Criollo goat responds with higher milk production in a cost efficient way when free range grazing is supplemented with native forage

EL TRASPATIO COMO ESPACIO DE EMPODERAMIENTO PARA LA MUJER TZOTZIL EN CHIAPAS (MÉXICO)
Rodríguez G. G., Perezgrovas G. R., Zaragoza M. L., pag 280-283. 

 full pdf (download 1242, size 905 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In different rural areas around the world, the physical surrounding space of the home is take off to develop small-scale tasks such as domestic animal breeding (poultry, pigs, small I ruminants, rodents) and little green areas (combining vegetable, fruit and ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants), which together provide abundant contributions to the family (healthy and fresh products and by-products, health, income, family entertainment). This area receives distinct names (solar, yard, garden, orchard), but in the case of the indigenous group tzotzil (of Chiapas) it is identified as the ‘back-yard or traditional garden’. Among many of the roles assigned to her gender, the woman according to the indigenous culture, is the owner of the back-yard and responsible for domestic animals. She is also responsible of making the home look nice with is why she maintains a variety of local plants. Literature indicates that despite their culture which is ancestrally characterized as a having a greater male dominance in the family, the tzotzil woman as owner of the back-yard can decide on what happens there without consulting her husband. For example, she can sell an animal, change vegetables, share or exchange products or germplasm with her neighbors or sacrifice an animal. The indigenous women believes that this area of the house is hers, and there she takes refuge, consoles herself rejoice and shares her knowledge to the young women. If the husband does not agree with her decisions, he will get angry for a while a little time but no more. It’s an area in which the indigenous woman assumes ownership and hierarchy translating to a form of self-esteem or empowerment outside the cultural framework, which places her as a background figure. It is proposed to promote this space, its diversity and productivity as elements of strength for tzotzil women and therefore for the family, without contravening its culture

CONTRIBUCIÓN A LA CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTIPICA DEL Meleagris gallopavo EN LA ZONA SUR DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO
Canul S. M., Sierra V. A., Mena D.O., Ortiz O.J., Zamora B.R, Durán S.L., pag 284-287. 

 full pdf (download 793, size 1327 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The local turkey has been widely disseminated native from Mexico to European countries, recognizing their qualities for what has been the subject of breeding programs until very specialized varieties. In Mexico it is little studied, and the Yucatan are still few studies reported, it is necessary to increase the knowledge to add value and ensure their conservation. The objective was to evaluate fanerÓpticas and morphometric features. The state of Yucatan was divided into four areas one of which was represented by the Southern Maní municipality were considered 101 turkeys (58 males and 43 females). We recorded the plumage, eyes and tarsus as well as weight, height and length of the back. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics was used. We conclude that there is phenotypic variability in turkeys Creole Yucatan is also corroborated the effect of a sexual dimorphism in favor of the male in those morphometric characteristics

CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE EXPLOTACIÓN DEL Meleagris gallopavo EN EL CENTRO Y SUR DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO
Canul S. M., Sierra V. A., Durán S. L., Zamora B. R., Ortiz, O.J., Mena D.O., pag 288-291. 

 full pdf (download 1070, size 1331 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The local turkey of Mexico is characterized as backyard family consumption purposes. In Yucatan, has increased production of double breast of turkey and has endangered the backyard breeding and production. They study the system of exploitation of local turkey. We used a sample survey of 70 families from central and southern parts of the state. The questions were related to general information about the producer and the husbandry of turkeys. To analyze the data using descriptive statistics. 86% of producers were peasant Mayan women, aged between 45 and 53 years, basic studies have finished and all use a backyard production system, this activity will represent an additional source of income in 86.25% of cases. The most common type of power in both areas was the combination of commercial feed, whole corn and kitchen waste. The disease was the most frequent and most fowl pox vaccine not as a preventive measure. No genealogical records are not productive. The selection of turkeys is carried out visually. The marketing of turkeys in both areas during the month of December, and are used for consumption of five bucks per year per family. All Producer (s) are interested in receiving technical assistance to improve their production system

LOS RECURSOS ZOOGENÉTICOS VISTOS DESDE EL PROCESO ADMINISTRATIVO Y DE LA GESTIÓN GANADERA FAMILIAR
Santos Hernández Zepeda J., Silva Gómez S. E., Pérez Avilés R., Hernández Muller J. A., Reséndiz Martínez R., Hernández Treviño I., pag 292-295. 

 full pdf (download 745, size 1351 KB)| abstract ESCONDER It conducted an inquiry in order to know the structure of family farming units, referred to as regards the animal component, as well as administrative processes and management that can be identified in these units not business or formal. So visited 105 family units located in the municipality of Tecamachalco, Puebla and a questionnaire were applied to gather information on the livestock structure, to agriculture, to the general management of livestock and to identify stages of the administrative process. The results illustrate the diversity of species found in these production units where is detected the influence of environmental factors very incident and they oblige that constitute elements of draw of risks. This livestock has a very specific function-objetive it remedied needs of first instance of the family. However, the management given to these animals responds more to traditional and local knowledge that other scientific type, so it has been very difficult to identify and rank the classic stages of the process of administration and management. This does not mean that there are anomalies in the management of livestock by the family, but it should be with different approach to livestock units of family-type.

PROYECTO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA TÉCNICA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE GAS IN VITRO CON HECES CAPRINAS COMO INOCULO EVALUANDO FORRAJES TROPICALES PRESENTES EN EL CAÑON DEL CHICAMOCHA
Mejía Porras G., Martínez Bello D. A., Vargas-Bayona J. E., pag 296-298. 

 full pdf (download 206, size 1333 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The typical weather in the region of Santander Chicamocha Canyon, are characterized by long periods of drought and very sporadic rainfall, which brought in its wake a fairly arid region with little fodder availability and quality of these is unknown, but in this ecosystem so special Santandereana race was developed, which takes advantage of forage food typical of this area. The study objective is to implement the technique of in vitro gas production using goat deposed four stool specimens of the Santandereana race, each housed in a metabolic cage. The study will use fodder matarratÓn (Glirisidia sepium), espino de chivo (Acacia farnesiana) and espino gallinero (Pithelecllobium dulce) collected along the Chicamocha Canyon. The samples will be analyzed for dry matter and crude protein according to AOAC 1990. In vitro degradability of gas production, using as inoculum the stool, will be held according to the procedure described by Tilley and Terry (1963) (Mauricio 1999) and (Posada and Rosero 2006). The experimental readings are taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The volume of gas produced during the fermentation process will be used to estimate the parameters of fermentation by adjusting the data to the model proposed by Ørskov-McDonald (1979) [a + b * (1-EXP (-c * t))] . The results will be analyzed individually for each species forage using a linear mixed model in PROC MIXED procedure of SAS program (2010). Additionally, determine ANOVA, Tukey test comparisons at 5%, supplemented by descriptive analysis using statistical program SAS / STAT 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc. 2010).

CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DE LAS PEZUÑAS Y SU RELACION CON EL GRADO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS CLAUDICACIÓNES EN VACAS DE RAZA CARORA
Riera-Nieves M., Vila-Vals V., Nieves-Crespo L., Pérez-Arevalo M. L., Gavidia-Terán J. I., Zabaleta J., pag 300-303. 

 full pdf (download 1029, size 916 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The morphological characteristics were studied in 2116 claws of 529 Carora cows breed which were related to the distribution and grade of lameness in the different limbs. Three characteristics were evaluated: uniform hoof (UP), foot angle (AP), and length of the hoof (LP). The statistical method was descriptive and frequency distribution, for which was used FREQ procedure SAS in order to calculate frequency, and the results are reported in tables and histograms. The 94.18% of the external and internal claws, had shapes roughly similar in all members and 5.82% of the hooves were not uniform in all four limbs. For the long-toed the result was 41 short (1.93%) 1647 (77.83%) medium-sized hooves and 428 (20.22%) had long claws. As the angle of the hooves were observed 214 with angle less than 45 º (10.11%), 1706 (80.62%) had AP hooves between 45º and 50º and 196 (9.26%) hooves had a higher AP 45 °.484 cows were detected (91.49%) without lesions, and 45 lesions (8.49%), of these 22 (4.15%) had mild claudication, 16 (3.02%) and 7 (1.51%) with moderate to severe lameness respectively. No cow was found with severe claudication, the 22 (44.88 %) of 45 animals showed mild claudication The foot lesions were present in the hind limbs in 28 cows (62.23%) and 17 (37.77%) in the forelimbs, of which 26 (57.76%) were in the lateral claw and 19 (42.24%) in the medial claw. The characteristics of hoof conformation and fingers are related to the frequency of occurrence of diseases, and malformed hooves are more susceptible to injury. In Carora cows breed hooves are well formed, because all of the features showed high percentages of frequencies of the desirable morphological aspects of the hoof

LA TRYPANOTOLERANCIA EN GANADERÍA BOVINA EN LA REPúBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA: ÉNFASIS EN BOVINOS CRIOLLOS
Florio - Luis J., Tamasaukas R., Agudo L., pag 304-308 

 full pdf (download 728, size 1371 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Bovine trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax, is one of the major health problems in dual purpose cattle in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela with variable prevalence values (25 to 50%). The trypanotolerance is associated with the ability to control and reduce parasitemia and prevent anemia. Cattle had been detected trypanosusceptibles and trypanotolerants based on phenotypic markers (clinical, parasitological, hematological, serological and immunological), in a Criollo Limonero herd at Ciudad Bolivia, Barinas state, crossbred Creole in Calabozo, Guarico state and crossbred Bos taurus x Bos indicus at other states in Venezuela, demonstrating tolerance: 100% of Criollo Limonero (n = 7), 80% of Creole crossbred (n = 15), 84,62% of Holstein crossbred (n = 13), 72,73% of Brown Swiss crossbred (n = 11), 100% of Siboney crossbred (n =6); 79,17% of indefinied crossbred (n = 24) and 65% of Zebu crossbred (n = 20) and being the first time in Venezuela and in America, reported cattle with this condition. Trypanotolerance is useful to establish strategies for genetic improvement and preservation of the dual-purpose breeds in Venezuela, and derive breeding and selection programs emphasizing sustainable in the Venezuelan Llanos

ESTUDIO SEROLÓGICO DE DIARREA VIRAL BOVINA EN LA MICRORREGIÓN DEL VALLE DEL CESAR
Peña Cortes L. F., pag 309-312. 

 full pdf (download 752, size 904 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The BVD is a disease in ¬ worldwide distribution and endemic in most cattle populations. He is responsible for causing a wide range of clinical manifestations and lesions, reproductive disorders being the most economic impact. Eradication strategies rely on the regional epidemiological situation, basically consist of identification and elimination of infected cattle, the main source of infection and virus. In Colombia, studies of the disease are still scarce and there is no real knowledge of the prevalence of infection in cattle in different regions. The objective of this research is to provide this update on the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea and know their status in the microregion of Valle del Cesar.

ESTUDIO MOLECULAR DEL GEN CYP2D15 (CITOCROMO P450 2D15) EN EL PERRO CIMARRÓN URUGUAYO
Gagliardi R., Llambí S., Arruga M. V., pag 313-315 

 full pdf (download 247, size 1319 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Uruguayan Cimarron dog is the only canine breed native from Uruguay; it was finally recognized as a breed in early 2011 by the “Fédération Cynologique Internationale”. This has meant an increased interest in the breed by breeders, exhibitors and pet owners in general. This interest has led to a significant increase in the number of animals registered in the genealogical records of the race, from nine hundred and thirty animals in October 1997, to more than 6,000 today. Moreover, these factors have led to different analysis are performed in order to continue with the knowledge of the genetics of this breed. Among the studies currently underway are those related to pharmacogenetics. CYP2D15 is one of the genes that are more involved in the metabolism of many widely used drugs in veterinary medicine, being described different polymorphisms for it. With primers: forward: TCTCTCCCTCTGCCCCAGAG; reverse: CCCAGGCTGTCCATCCTCTC, different polymorphisms were detected for exon 7 of this gene in other breeds. There is no information about the breed Cimarron Uruguayo. In this paper we analyze the polymorphisms for exon 7 of the gene CYP2D15 in 10 Cimarron dogs, using primers listed above, with conventional PCR and automated sequencing. In two of the animals tested it was found a point mutation in the nucleotide 81 of the sample. However, a high sequence homology with the sequence published in GenBank was observed.

REPETIBILIDADE DO NúMERO DE OVOS POR GRAMA DE FEZES E DO VOLUME GLOBULAR EM OVINOS SANTA INÊS
Quirino C. R., Costa R. L. D., Carneiro-Silva R. M., Madella-Oliveira A. F., pag 316-318 

 full pdf (download 513, size 249 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Several parameters can be useful to directly or indirectly evaluate the effects of parasitism provoked by gastrointestinal nematodes. The goal of this work was to verify the effects of year of the following parameters: globular volume (VG) and eggs counting faecal (OPG) in shepp of the Santa Inês breed of the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The work was performed in 3 properties from January to December from 2005, 2006 e 2007. It was used 60 sheeps. Faecal and blood samples were collected, the animals were weighed. Significant differences were detected (P<0,01) for VG and OPG due to year. The repeatability of OPG was 0,33 and for VG was 0,88

CORRELAÇÕES ENTRE PESO, ESCORE DE CONDIÇÃO CORPORAL, FAMACHA, VOLUME GLOBULAR E OVOS POR GRAMA DE FEZES EM OVELHAS SANTA INÊS
Quirino C. R., Carneiro-Silva R. M., Costa R. L. D., Madella-Oliveira A. F., pag 319-322. 

 full pdf (download 637, size 886 KB)| abstract ESCONDER With the objective to get useful information on the resistance to parasites in the females sheep of the North of the Rio de Janeiro State, had been studied the relationships between body weight, globular volume and fecal eggs counting of adult sheep of the Santa Ines breed. The work was making in three properties in the Quissamã city-Rio de Janeiro state. They had been used a total of 60 adult females of the Santa Ines breed, being 20 of each one of the properties. During 12 months, to each two weeks had been collected faecal samples for parasitologics analyses and blood samples for hematologic analyses. The fecal egg counting (OPG) was determined using it technique of modified McMaster. It was observed that to increases OPG and diminishes the globular volume, the animals would present anemia. It was observed correlation between body weight and corporal score of the animals, showing association between the two characteristics. The correlation between the body weight and the globular volume was low.

SALUD ANIMAL DE UNA CUENCA LECHERA BAJO EL SISTEMA DE TRASPATIO, PUEBLA, MÉXICO
Caicedo Rivas R. E., Garita Goiz J. L., Paz-Calderon Nieto M., pag 323-326. 

 full pdf (download 1027, size 1359 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Backyard livestock is one of the oldest production system in México, however, has been given little importance, because it is not a high production system but is part of the traditional family farm, however, is done for several reasons: 1) to create a fund that allows them to save for times of crisis, 2) ensuring basic minimum food; one the other hand, is considered a core activity family home, breeding animals of different species in backyards-housing of the rural and peri-urban, its characteristic is low-input and labor is provided by the same family, and the products obtained are for home consumption and many of them are sold in flea markets. The aim of this study was to determine the most common diseases that are found in this type of animal production systems. For this set based on surveys and this is performed laboratory test, it was determined that the most common disorders of backyard farms in 12 in the Municipality of Santa Ana Xalmimilulco, Puebla. 161 animals were studied, the same is determined that the incidence of brucellosis was 4.96 %, 2.88 % tuberculosis. Milk production for 10 moths (January to October, 2010) was 40,895.4 ± 818.8 liters and the incidence of chronics mastitis was 34.92 ± 2.4%, however, subclinical mastitis was 65.5 ± 6.9 %, embryo mortality was 23.7%. The most common parasites are gastrointestinal level: Ascaris spp, Strongyloides spp, Trichuris spp, Eimeria spp and Fasciola hepatica, all animals underwent the metabolic profile. In conclusion we can say that health measures employed are not optimal in this peri-urban area of the State of Puebla, México

CLENBUTEROL (β2-AGONISTA ADRENÉRGICO), ENMASCARA LAS PATOLOGÍAS HEPÁTICAS EN BOVINOS
Caicedo Rivas R. E., Paz-Calderon Nieto M., Badillo M. S. V., pag 327-321. 

 full pdf (download 1722, size 10224 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Clenbuterol considered a potentβ2-adrenergic-agonist-synthetic. Used as a bronchodilator in domestic animals and human during lung conditions, however, is currently used as an anabolic, increasing body mass trhough a mechanism of glycogenolysis, glicolysis, degrades the accumulated fat and nitrogen to form amino acids and then to form cell structures that give rise to skeletal muscle, considered a real distributor of energy, however, actual damages on the same metabolic pathways is unknown, this study was to determine the effects that this β2-agonist activity in bovine liver, many masks as liver disease, for that blood samples were collected from 250 cattle (Bt X Bi), fed this food additive and animal controls where they were not given β2-agonist-adrenergic (clenbuterol), data indicate that when comparing the control transaminase AST (533,9±0,26 U/L), compared animals with fasciola hepatica with a value of 751,5±0,23 U/L), animals with clenbuterol 264,7±0,22 U/L, compared with animals with clenbuterol and F.h (499,6±0,20 U/L), the latter values are very similar to the control, in males, while in females this parameter metabolic control compared to animals with clenbuterol and F.h, values are similar (434,5±0,65 and 436,4±0,62 U/L, respectively), in other hand, glucose levels in both females and males remains very high and similar in animals treated with clenbuterol and F.h. The study shows that beta- agonist that acts as an anabolic increasing body mass of animals.

PHYSIOPATHOLOGY EFFECTS IN BOVINES (Bos taurus X Bos indicus) WITH FASCIOLIASIS IN MÉXICO
Caicedo Rivas R. E., Paz-Calderon Nieto M., Badillo M. S. V., pag 332-335. 

 full pdf (download 176, size 1355 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Fascioliasis, zoonotic disease is considered endemic in many regions of Latin America (Peru, Bolivia) and the world, however, the development and transmission power is very complex, it produces great economic losses in animal health, the intermediate host varies its species or subspecies (Family Limnaeidae) according to the zoogeographical area in which it presents, as ecopathology can be considered a reemerging disease. Although there are great efforts by many international organizations in determining their distribution and actual prevalence in humans and animals are still unknown, its effect on the physiological and reproductive ruminants in developing countries where prevention is very limited and where degree of infestation depends on the number of flukes present in the liver parenchyma. The aim of this study was to determine the physiopathological changes (metabolic, enzymatic profile, count differential of blood cells) caused by F. hepatica in bovines. Blood samples were taken to count white blood cells, and for the measurement of biochemical parameters of metabolic problems (hepatic enzymes, others

CALIDAD NUTRICIONAL DE PECHUGA, MUSLO Y PIERNA DE GUAJOLOTAS Y GUAJOLOTES NATIVOS MEXICANOS (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO L.)
López P. E., Uriostegui R. E., López P. F., Pró M. A., Hernández M. O, Guerrero S. I., pag 338-341. 

 full pdf (download 313, size 1367 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This work was carried out with the aim to determine the carcass quality of native Mexican turkey. We used 9 females y 9 males at three different ages. Animals were divided into three groups of three animals per group: very young animals (7 months), young animals (12 months) and old animals (15 months). Once animals reached indicated age, they were desensitized and killed by slaughtering. Samples of breast, thigh and leg were taken to determine dry matter, crude protein, ash and fatty acids. Nutritional quality of the carcass was measured in terms of gender and age. We used a completely randomized design. Results indicated differences (p≤0.05) with animal gender on dry matter content, ash, crude protein and fatty acids on some carcass pieces. Total dry matter of female carcass ranged from 22 to 24% and males from 19 to 23%. Ash content in females was 0.64% and males 0.79%. Male carcass protein values ranged from 17 to 19% and female carcass from 17 to 22%. So, values of dry matter and protein were lower on evaluated carcass pieces in males than females, but not for ashes, were values were higher compared to females. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content ranged from 21 to 28% in turkey´s females, whereas in turkey’s males values were 24%. In short, female and male carcass pieces have high nutritional quality. Comparing it to commercial turkey we can see nutritional quality is similar

CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO. DEFINICIONES INTERNACIONALES USADAS EN CONTRA DE LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS ZOOGENÉTICOS
Rodríguez G. G., Zaragoza M. L., Perezgrovas G. R., pag 342-346. 

 full pdf (download 558, size 914 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Base on a research experience this work shares the analysis of a local context (municipal) and state level (Chiapas) of the Mexican south-east. It observes specially the impact of the local resources, particularly the zoogenetics resources, as well as the loss of the food safety of a population (Chiapas, Mexico). It describes some actions that the local government is carrying out for to attend some international recommendations and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals and attending to the topic of Climate Change. Taking the case of the municipality Santiago El Pinar and the state of Chiapas, The paper mentioned three examples about some policies that are impacting the conservation of local resources: the displacement of the local race of pork for others introduced, the transformation of a traditional town for a rural sustainable city and the gradual conversion of agricultural soil for the production of Jatropha carcus, a necessary supply for the generation of bio-fuel

DIGESTIBILIDAD (IN VIVO) DE OVINOS TROPICALES ALIMENTADOS CON SUBPRODUCTOS DE COSECHAS AGRICOLAS BAJO TRES METODOS DE CONSERVACION
Zambrano G. D., Sanchez L. A., Jines F. F., pag 347-349. 

 full pdf (download 890, size 876 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The present investigation was carried out in the Aca. Exp. "Mary". Located at the Faculty of Sciences Livestock, owned by the UTEQ. Located in the km 7.5 via the Splice - Mocache, province of Rivers. The work had a duration of 54 days. Chemical analysis bromatolÓgicos are carried out in the Laboratory of Bromatology, of the Faculty of Sciences Livestock of UTEQ and the School of Engineering of Chimborazo (ESPOCH). It was determined the chemical composition bioavailability (Weende and van Soest), was applied a descriptive statistics and the nutritional value through the in vivo digestibility of three agricultural by-products, subject to three methods of. It was further considered the value of the metabolizable energy (EM). For the effect were used 18 sheep tropical eight months of age with an average weight of 32 kg. We applied a factorial arrangement 3 (agricultural by-products) x 3 (methods of conservation) within a completely randomized design (DCA) with six repetitions, the experimental unit was composed of an animal

CARACTERIZACIÓN QUÍMICAY AMINOACÍDICA DE RESIDUALES PORCINOS ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOGÁS
Schnabel D., Pérez Pineda E., Schlegel M., Kanswohl N., Fonseca N., pag 350-353. 

 full pdf (download 574, size 891 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The chemical and aminoacid composition of swine wastes of five farms in Granma province, Cuba, between 2009 and 2011, were determined before and after the process of anaerobic fermentation using a random block design. There were significant differences for the indicators studies. The mean values of 29,32% of DM and 15,36% of CP were obtained at the entrance, as well as 2,16 and 66,42%, and 88,89 and 11,26% for the liquid and solid effluents, respectively. The amino acid pattern demonstrated the presence of 17 aminoacid, included the essential for the domestic animals.

EL CLENBUTEROL DISMINUYE LA SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LA GANADERÍA EN MÉXICO
Caicedo Ricardo R.E., Paz Calderón Nieto M., Hernández Pérez B., Toxtle Tlamani J. S., pag 354-358 

 full pdf (download 175, size 1390 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The excessive use of food additives in México is producing an increase in production rate of the animals, no matter that these additives affect the reproductive rate of animals themselves, consequently resulting in import gametes. The beta-agonist such as clenbuterol is a synthetic adrenergic very similar to adrenalines, thus their function is to relax the muscles of the respiratory system, however, it is being used as anabolic as it is supplied to more than ten times the therapeutic concentration (0.08µg / twice daily) animals for human consumption. The aim of this study was to determine changes in the metabolic profile in crossbred Bos indicus X Bos taurus, with this food additive. The results show that this additive causes muscle hypertrophy, increased hepatic metabolism and the adrenal gland, altered blood parameters, these changes are also the use of implants of Estradiol (20 mg) and trenbolone acetate (200mg), remain for more than 90 days, producing a fixation of the muscle mass and testicular atrophy, also alters the production of sperm; metabolic changes are very marked reduction of production parameters at the hepatic system. We conclude that sustainable livestock production refers to the breeding of animals through a system which guarantees (or at least encourages), the long-term availability of necessary inputs to continue evolving, with a satisfactory return for the farmer. Unsustainable practices are those that harm the animal and environment, increase the risk of disease, bringing a decrease in genetic variation.

ZOOGEOGRAFÍA DE LOS MOLUSCOS DE IMPORTANCIA VETERINARIA EN EL ESTADO DE PUEBLA Y SU EFECTO EN LA SALUD HUMANA Y ANIMAL
Caicedo Rivas R.E., Toxtle Tlamani J. D., Paz Calderón Nieto M., pag 359-363. 

 full pdf (download 1006, size 466 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Many parasitic diseases that are presented at the level of domestic animals come from a intermediate host (i.h), these parasitic diseases such as fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of veterinary importance on their implication in the health of the animal and human. In the State of Puebla, México, few studies on zoonoses employing a snail as intermediate host. So the aim of this study was to determine the biomedical importance shellfish that are directly related to zoonotic disease transmission and its zoogeographical location within the state, for it proceeded to carry out sampling in the following areas: Areas of the Sierra Madre South, Mixteca Poblana, Puebla city, Sierra Norte de Puebla, and Neovolcanic axis. The collections were done manually using the technique of quadrants (square meter). There were a total of 14 families of mollusks, of which 10 belong to families of terrestrial mollusks (Bradybaenidae, Bulimulidae, Helicidae, Urocoptidae, , Humboldtianidae, Limacidae, Ortholicidae, Polygyridae, Subulinidae and Streptaxidae) d the rest belong to freshwater mollusks (Physidae, Limnaeidae, Planorbidae and Thiaridae), identified 24 species of snails, of which 11 are freshwater and 13 are terrestrial. The family with the largest number of freshwater species was Planorbidae with 5 species and for the land was his family and Bulimulidae, Urocoptidae with 2 species each. The species with a greater number of records in different areas are Helix aspersa and Holospira hamiltoni with 3 different areas of distribution each. For the emission of cercariae, Fossaria cubensis and Pseudosuccinea collumella were the species that have been issued greater number of cercariae surpassing the 100 cercariae/snail/3-4h, the species that less than issued cercariae was a Triodopsis tridentata. The species that have been issued cercariae were of veterinary importance, since many transmit diseases to animals that graze in the different areas of the state where these mollusks becoming the same in temporary guests (intermediary host for parasites).

EL AUTOCONSUMO, UN REDUCTO O UNA OPCIÓN DE FUTURO EN ANDALUCÍA. PRIMEROS RESULTADOS
Camacho Vallejo M. E., Isanta Muñoz F., Nogales S., Zurita P, Delgado J. V., pag 364-368. 

 full pdf (download 690, size 1344 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A total of 20 farms were visited in a periurbana CÓrdoba, a city in Andalusia average. There have been an average of two views of each one. During which they have developed interviews, survey modelled on unstructured. We considered this option because of our ignorance and the literature on this topic in our environment. We considered the initial interviews in tree axes, but flexible, you gather information about the structural characteristics and location of houses, two intelligence gathering about the personal motivations of the owners and three gather information on the characteristics of animals and management. What would be the person, their technology and their means of production. The results show a varied phenomenology in terms of personal motivation to maintain consumption, as well as the use of technology and/or traditional knowledge. Also in regard to the means of production are many differences in the choice of the type of animals used to produce selected local breeds. He also called attention to the fact that a number of producers prefer to use for their subsistence crops, seeds and landraces keep this same approach to raising their animals. Finally we make an assessment of the results we offer a series of conclusions and propose actions to correct the imbalances and losses generated by past agricultural policies and that the current crisis, the economic model, is doing more patents

PRIMEROS RESULTADOS DEL ANÁLISIS ZOOMÉTRICO COMPARATIVO DE LAS RAZAS CAPRINAS MALLORQUINA E IBICENCA O PITIÜSA
Pons A., Méndez Y., Tobaruela M., GÓmez M., Navas F. J., Nogales S., Delgado J. V., pag 370-374. 

 full pdf (download 513, size 923 KB)| asbstract ESCONDER Several zoometric variables were comparatively analysed between Mallorquina and Ibicenca or Pitiüsa caprine breeds. For that purpose, a population sample composed by 57 Mallorquina and 73 Ibicenca goats, with a gender distribution consisting on 110 females and 20 males, which were born between 1999 and 2009, in wich every possible age category was represented, was evaluated. It can be deduced from the obtained results derived from a multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVAS), F contrast statistics and their significance in the individualized analysis of variance for breed and gender effects and the descriptive statistics with central and dispersive trends calculation derived for each variable, according to the significative differences existing between both breeds, that they are not only zoometrically differentiable, but also state an extreme sexual dimorphism. Highlighting an outstanding signification in the interaction between the studied factors, denoting a different expression degree on both breeds dimorphism. While observing the individual results between breeds, the majority of the studied variables have a great deal of definition power of the breed identifiable features for each breed and gender, establishing a complete and complex definition of the breed standard. The present results can be considered definitive but the study is yet to be complemented by the conduction of additional statistic tests on following stages.

AVICULTURA INDÍGENA MEXICANA: SABIDURÍA MILENARIA EN EXTINCIÓN
Camacho-Escobar M. A., Lezama-Nuñez P. N., Jerez-Salas M. P., Kollas J., Vásquez-Dávila M. A., García-López J. C., Arroyo-Ledezma J., Ávila-Serrano N. Y., Chávez-Cruz F., pag 375-379 

 full pdf (download 326, size 1386 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Upon the arrival of the Spanish to America, they encountered that in the present territory of Mexico there was already developed an incipient tradition of poultry farming, due to the domestication of the turkey (Melegris gallopavo). During the colonial era, adopted the raising of the chicken (Gallus gallus) and kept their traditional customs. Currently, the principal reserve of landrace chickens are found in the hands of the indigenous, just as with the varieties of native domesticates turkeys. This paper describes the traditional manner of raising said breeds of birds, considering their zootechnical criteria and the genetic selection in the indigenous areas of the states of Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA LANA EN LAS OVEJAS AUTÓCTONAS IBICENCA, MERINO, MERINO DE GRAZALEMA (ESPAÑA) Y MERINO SOCORRO (MÉXICO)
Perezgrovas R., Parés P. M., Humme J., Zaragoza L., Delgado J. V., pag 380-383. 

 full pdf (download 1106, size 902 KB)| abstract ESCONDER As a part of broader program aiming to characterize wool in autochthonous Iberoamerican sheep breeds, this study had the objective of contrasting staple and wool fibre characteristics is Spanish breeds Ibicenca, Spanish Merino and Merino de Grazalema, and Mexican breed Merino from Socorro Island. A standardized methodology was utilized to determine length and proportion of the different fibres, alcohol scouring yield, and histogram of diameter frequency distribution. Spanish Merino and Socorro Merino have square staples without long-coarse fibres, while Ibicenca showed a double coated fleece with long conical staples (15,2±5,1 cm); Grazalema Merino occupies an intermediate position (7,7±2,4 cm; P<0,01). Only short-fine fibres were found in the Spanish Merino, and they were significantly shorter than the three other breeds (3,2±0,6 cm; P<0,01). Proportion of short-fine fibres in Socorro Merino and Spanish Merino was higher (>98,5%) than in the Grazalema Merino and the Ibicenca (<79,2%; P<0,01), the latter with the highest amount of kemp (8,4±11,8%; P<0,01). Scouring yield was lower in Socorro and Spanish Merinos (52-52%) than in the other two breeds (75-77%; P<0,01). Diameter frequency histograms suggest that Socorro Merino has maintained the characteristics of the original flock of Australian Merino introduced into the Island in 1869. Grazalema Merino shows the influence of crosses with coarse wool breeds, while Ibicenca is the only one with a defined double coated fleece

APROXIMACIÓN FENOTÍPICA A LA DIVERSIDAD DE LOS BOVINOS CRIOLLOS EN LA REGIÓN CENTRAL MONTAÑOSA DE CHIAPAS, MÉXICO
Perezgrovas R., Vázquez D., Rodríguez G., Galdámez D., pag 384-387. 

 full pdf (download 934, size 891 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Local domestic sheep, pig and poultry have been studied in Chiapas; however, little information is available on the local cattle. This project aimed to undertake a preliminary approach into the phenotypic characterization of the local cattle in the central mountain region of Chiapas with the objective of gathering direct information on the existing diversity. Road travelling was carried out in 4 municipalities, and herds were observed in 27 locations, where the phenotype of animals and the Local/Exotic proportion within the herds was assessed. An initial phenotypic classification was constructed from descriptions found in the literature. A total of 320 animals were observed, and 58% of them were of local breeds; 7 phenotypic groups were created according to cape colour: Serrano (15%), Negro (14%), Rojo (13%), Ruano (10%), Pinto (9%), Criollo Lechero Tropical (CLT=7%) and Josco (6%); the average herd had 6 cows. A second grouping included 6 less frequent phenotypes: Barcino (5%), Blanco (4%), Berrendo (4%), Café (4%), Pardo (3%) and Blanco Orejinegro (BON=2%). A proportion of exotic breeds (27%) and its F1 crosses (15%) were found. Stratification of data by zone resulted in a larger proportion of local cattle in the rural areas (73%), and exotic breeds were more common in the peri-urban ones (51%). The largest amount of the animals assessed in the rural areas was raised in Tsotsil and Tseltal villages under traditional husbandry systems, and the owners have no access to extension services. Non-indigenous owners are more common in the peri-urban areas, more inclined to the adoption of technology

COMPARACION DE VARIABLES FISIOLÓGICAS EN HEMBRAS BOVINAS CRIOLLAS PATAGÓNICAS Y ABERDEEN ANGUS
Peña S., López G., Martínez R., Género E., pag 388-391.

 full pdf (download 696, size 888 KB)| abstract ESCONDER For more than two decades, the Faculty of Agrarian Science of the National University of Lomas de Zamora is being held characterization tasks of the Patagonian Creole bovine. The institution is being carried out a programme of recuperation, conservation and characterisation of these germoplasm and actually counts with a group of animal in pure breed, in grounds located in Buenos Aires province. The objective of the present study is to compare some physiological variables between Creole bovine and Aberdeen Angus females in different time of the year to discern if there are any differences between the variables. Work was done with 12 Creole females and 13 Aberdeen Angus females. At the beginning of the essay the age of the animals (April 2008) was between 23 and 24 months, and the data was being obtained along two years in April (periods 1 and 5), August (periods 2 and 6) and November (periods 3 and 7), making a media of these months during the two years of essay. The results that were obtained with the variance analysis, shows that the Rectal temperature, Respiratory frequency, Cardiac frequency, Count of white blood cells, Total proteins, Calcium and Phosphorus, didn’t give significant differences for both breeds in the periods studied. However, the Hematocrito presented significant differences in April and November, and the glycaemia in August. Finally, the albumin presented significant differences in the three periods studied. For the three variables that presented significant differences, the Patagonian Creole breed, had had the superior values

ESTUDIO FENOTIPICO Y ZOOMETRICO DEL BOVINO CRIOLLO DE LA SIERRA MEDIA Y ALTA DE LA REGIÓN SUR DEL ECUADOR (RSE)
Aguirre R. L., Bermeo Ch. A. Maza D., Merino A. L., pag 392-396. 

 full pdf (download 844, size 1425 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Middle-High land in the Andes mountains of the South Region of Ecuador, occupies an altitudinal range between 1500 and 2800 meters above sea level and covers an approximate area of 148.000 Ha, in which ecological formations are the Lower Montane dry forest (bsMB) and montane forest (bM). These native breed in the area, have remarkable qualities, which, are: high maternal instincts, exceptional hardiness and high capacity to take advantage both Low, dispersed and diverse natural vegetation, as the stubble of crops, also a lower demand in the artificial harding conditions. These breeds are:Cattle: "Black Lojano", is a small animal. short, with horns and long black coat with a white patch at the front, udder or canes, this is milk type animal, found more in the high land of RSE.Cattle: "Encerado", small animal, short, light to dark gray coat, with small patches of white hairs at various parts of the body, their morphometric measurements is a dual purpose animal milk type and is found in the middle land of RSE. Cattle: "Pintado or Cajamarca", has a yellow coat with light to dark, also has areas of white hair, is a small animal and short, 24% of this population is hornless, are dual-purpose meat-type and is found in the medium and low land of RSE

COMPARACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE POLLOS DE UNA LÍNEA DE POSTURA (HY-LINE) Y DE UNA LÍNEA ARAUCANA, EN CONDICIONES DE CAMPO Y DE PLANTEL COMERCIAL
Briones M., Avendaño L., Ulloa A., Arias M., Alarcón N., pag 397-400. 

 full pdf (download 1732, size 1423 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A commercial (Hy-Lyne) and an araucana line of chickens were compared in a commercial plant and in field conditions in a small farm flock, from birth to the 13th week. Large differences were observed in mortality and in coccidia infection in both types of birds, between and within environment, favoring the araucana birds. Growing of the birds showed differences mainly between the environments, with higher weights for birds reared in the commercial plant

EVALUACIÓN DE LOS APLOMOS EN CABALLOS CRIOLLOS VENEZOLANOS DE UN HATO DEL ESTADO APURE
Canelón J.L., Ortiz A., Vásquez R., Mosquera O., pag 401-404. 

 full pdf (download 859, size 1332 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Legs conformation of 105 Venezuelan criollo horses from a herd in the Apure state, were evaluated in station and in motion, by three observers according to previously established patterns by different authors an qualified unanimously by the three observers. The sample was composed by sex in males (n=85) and females (n=20) by using: working (n=58) breeding (n=29) and products (n=18), by age in years 1 to 2 (n=18), 3 to 4 (n=54), 5 to 6 (n=16) aged 6 (n=17) they were observed, by front , Left Forelimb (ALI), left Hindlimb (PLI), back, Right Hindlimb (PLD) and Right Forelimb (ALD). The following results: Front: Normal =34(32.4%), Base Narrow, Toe Out =63(60%), Base Narrow, Toe In= 3 (2.9%), Base wide Toe Out =4 (3.8%), Offset Knees = 1 (1%). ALI: Normal= 90 (85.7%), Short Upright Pastern = 8 (7.6%), Long Sloping Pastern = 6 (5.7%), Calf Knee, Short Upright Pastern = 21 (20%), P.L.I.: Normal= 96 (91,4 %), Short Upright Pastern 2 = (1.9%), Long Sloping Pastern = 1 (1%), Standing Under Behind =2 (1,9%), Sickle Hocks =2 (1,9%). Back: Normal=21 (20%) Cow Hocks = 84 (80%). PLD: Normal = 98 (93.3%), Too Straight Hocks = 1 (1%), Short Upright Pastern =1 (1%) Standing Under Behind and Long Sloping pastern = 2 (1.9%), Sickle Hocks= 3 (2.9%). ALD: Normal 91 (86.7%), Short Upright Pastern =7 (6.7%), Long Sloping Pastern = 6 (5.7%), Calf Knee, Long Sloping Pastern= 1 (1%). The most common defect ¨Cow Hocks¨ is also found by other authors at the Chilote horse, and at the Potokka horse. This work represents a first contribution to the study of Venezuelan criollo horse Limbs

ASPECTOS SOBRE O SISTEMA DE CRIAÇÃO DE CAVALO CAMPEIRO NO SUL DO BRASIL
Solano G. A., Silva M. C., Sereno J. R. B., pag 405-407. 

 full pdf (download 787, size 875 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Cavalo Campeiro horse is a southern Brazilian local breed raised in the plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Besides regularly associated with historical aspects of local development there is little information concerning the breed. Therefore, 11 Cavalo Campeiro horse breeders were triggered to answer structured questionnaires regarding some aspects such as herd size, feeding and commercialization procedures and participation in the breeders association. The interviews were carried out in three municipalities of Santa Catarina state: Campos Novos, Curitibanos and Lages. Average farm size pointed 260 hectares with an average of 14 horses per farm. Hardly any (18%) farmer raised other horse breeds besides Cavalo Campeiro. Animal management was based on extensive systems, although the horses used in the everyday farm activities and also the ones being prepared for exposition events were kept in proper sheds with horse ration, corn and alfafa (Medicago sativa) supplementation. All farmers declared participation in traditional countryside horse riding events as well as submitting their horses to technical evaluations such as functional tests and genealogic registration. Only 9% of the farmers obtained financial profit with horse breeding activity, although some expectations were reported. The introduction of fillies, foals or studs for genetic renewal of the herd was considered sporadic for most breeders (81.5%). Some farmers (18.5%) declared no initiatives on introducing external genetic material into their herds. It was possible to detect that there is little specialization on horse commercialization, although strategies to properly set up animals for expositions occur. Exchange of genetic material between farms should be a consideration due to the fact that little exchange could put the viability of the breed at risk

EVALUACION DE CRUZAMIENTO DE OVEJAS SANTA INÊS Y CARNEIRO DORPER EM RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL
Quirino C. R., Madella-Oliveira A. F., Costa R. L. D., Costa-Henry F., Moulin C. H. S., pag 408-410. 

 full pdf (download 372, size 876 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The effect of genetic group and feed type on carcass and meat quality of 40 lambs, 20 Santa Inês and 20 crossbreed 3/4 Dorper-1/4 Santa Inês breed of Brazil were studied. The animals were slaughtered with eight months of age and average weight of 36.0±4.9 kg. Genetic group affected the growth traits and carcass. The crossbreed lambs presented higher live weight before slaughter, higher carcass weight and better carcass yield in relation to Santa Inês lambs. The feed type effect don´t affected the productive and carcass traits. The results suggest the advantage when make crossbreeding with a breed of better body conformation and fat, as a Dorper, with one not selected for carcass, as the Santa Inês breed, in a terminal crossbreeding system

AVICULTURA FAMILIAR EN COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS DE CHIAPAS, MÉXICO
Zaragoza L., Martínez B., Méndez A., Rodríguez V., Hernández J. S., Rodríguez G., Perezgrovas R., pag 411-415. 

 full pdf (download 950, size 906 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The work was carried out in three municipalities in the indigenous region of Chiapas from January 2009 to July 2010. The objective was to identify the characteristics of poultry production, its limitations and its potential; for which a individual questionnaire was developed to the owners, which included consumer and trade parameters. The total number of surveys carried out was 108 and from them I found that the chickens were identified with indigenous names fom tzotzil language, that poultry production is a female activity, that corn is the main source of food, and the raising chickens is important for the production of meat, eggs and for the replacements of the flock, but also for using them in traditional medicine. Among limitations that have been identified the lack of prevention of diseases, causing death losses primarily attributed to the Newcastle disease, locally known as the plague. Another limitation is the food, because corn is the main source for both animals to satisfy the food needs of the family, therefore, the provision of grain determines the number of animals in the flock. The results suggest that raising chickens is an opportunity for women that contributes to improving family conditions, and by formulating strategies for inclusive development needs of the population, with strict respect for their customs and traditions and meet the needs intangibles, you can build the trust and access to more research and, where appropriate, conservation of resources are the heritage of indigenous peoples

OS PRODUTORES DE SUÍNOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE FLORESTA, ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL
Silva Filha O. L., Barbosa E. J. R, Lima A. D, Melo A. G. P, Melo Filho A. J., Sá M. S., pag 416-418. 

 full pdf (download 626, size 873 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This study was conducted in the municipality of Floresta, Pernambuco, located in the microregion of the Sertão of Itaparica, aiming to diagnose and the encourage of local pig farmers. The evaluations were conducted in farms located both in the center and the periphery of the city. Were applied semi-structured questionnaires for data collection related to the rearing of pigs and their farmers. For the analysis we used the statistical program SAS 9.1. It was observed that all animals acquired the creators of the purchases made by the municipality itself, there is little difference between the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers and pig farming is of paramount economic importance in the properties visited, because the producers have them as second or third source of income, accounting for the livelihoods of these families. Producers not afford to provide an adequate and sanitary food handling or satisfactory, both for lack of financial conditions as well as the lack of information. Although the local pig farming practiced in this city hás economic importance as a source of family income and as a source of animal protein, and the creation of traditional culture

EDAD Y PESO A LA PUBERTAD DE OVINOS CRUZADOS EN EL ESTADO ZULIA, VENEZUELA
Villasmil-Ontiveros Y., Aranguren J., Madrid-Bury N., González D., Rubio J., González-Stagnaro C., Portillo M., Yañez L., pag 419-422. 

 full pdf (download 1505, size 887 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In order to estimate age and bodyweight at puberty of crossbred rams in a tropical dry forest in Zulia State, 43 pre-pubertal sheep males of 3 genotypes 1/4Dorper-3/4West (DW), 1/4Santa Ines-3/4West African (SW) and West African (WA) were subjected to semen collection by electro-ejaculation and puberty was reached when 50 million of sperm/ml and 10% individual motility was observed in semen samples. Age at puberty was 189.76±36.10 days and average body weight was 21.39 kg+3.15, no differences were found for age and type of parity, only differences for racial group were detected (P> 0.01), males DW (176.88) and SW (180.82) were younger than WA (216.27), body weight at puberty was lower (P <0.05) in SW (20.14) than in DW (22.34) and WA (21.27). Breed differences indicate that Dorper and Santa Inés breeds can provide precocity to WA and such improvement can be obtained with only 25% of genes of these breeds.

COSTO DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL LITRO DE LECHE Y CARNE EN UN SISTEMA DE LECHERÍA DE DOBLE PROPÓSITO
Granados Zurita L., Quiroz Valiente J., Barrón Arredondo M,. Cruz Pelcastre C., Jiménez Ortiz M. M., pag 424-427. 

 full pdf (download 2935, size 1365 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Financial records were used in a production unit in order to identify the costs of producing a liter of milk, meat and dairy heifers under the conditions of a system of dual purpose cattle extensive production. The percentage cost of the fixed inputs representing 86.9% and the cost of variable inputs accounted for 13.1%. The production of milk and meat in this exploit be calculated on the total cost was $ 3.26 and $ 14.76 respectively($11.52 per 1dl). The costs incurred in labor represent 58.36% of total production costs. Employment records help to make decisions, which makes it possible to correct the production process in the system in short, medium and long term.

INCLUSIÓN DE LOS MARCADORES MOLECULARES PARA ALGUNOS GENES DE IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA EN LA EVALUACIÓN GENÉTICA DE TOROS Y VACAS LECHERAS EN COLOMBIA
Echeverri J.,López-Herrera A., Rincon J., pag 430-433. 

 full pdf (download 1060, size 1348 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Genetic evaluations in the world had been revolutionized by the advent of molecular techniques. In order to use together traditional genetic tests and molecular marker-assisted selection, molecular markers were used SNP of genes of bovine growth hormone BGH, KC kappa casein, prolactin PRL and bovine leukocyte antigen BoLA to a genetic evaluation program in which breeding values were estimated by the traditional methodology and by the method described by Hayes (2007).

CARACTERIZACIÓN PRODUCTIVA DE UNA POBLACIÓN DE BOVINOS BLANCO OREJINEGRO (BON) EN SIETE HATOS COLOMBIANOS
Correa Rojas E. D., Martínez R., Echeverri J., pag 434-436. 

 full pdf (download 1004, size 1309 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In Colombia, there are important Creole breeds adapted during more than 500 years to tropical conditions; they have genetic features that is necessary to be investigated and evaluated with the purpose of stimulating the appropriate implementation of genetic evaluation and improvement programs. Colombia has the capacity to develop a sustainable and competitive cattle production; however, this depends on the understanding and use of the genetic and productive potential of their Creole breeds, among them the “Blanco Orejinegro”. For such a reason, the objective of this study was to investigate some growth parameters of the Creole cattle “Blanco orejinegro” that may contribute to the establishment of plans and programs of genetic improvement to allow its rational use and through its sustainable conservation.

ESTIMACIÓN DE LA HEREDABILIDAD PARA LA RELACIÓN ALOMÉTRICA EXISTENTE ENTRE EL ÁREA DE OJO DE LOMO Y EL PESO EN BOVINOS CRUZADOS EN COLOMBIA
Ortiz J. E., Martínez C.A., Jiménez A.,Manrique C., Elzo M. A., pag 437-440. 

 full pdf (download 597, size 1815 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Allometry is defined as a morphogenetic change due to relative growth of the animal. It is the great importance in the identification of genetic superior animals in post mortem traits and could be used as a tool in genetic improvement of related traits such as weight and rib eye area. The goal of this work was to estimate heritability of the allometric relationship between Rib Eye Area (REA) and weight for 94 crossbred steers. A single trait animal model was used with contemporary group (year-season-sex-herd), parity, expected breed fraction, 1-locus heterosis as fixed effects and additive direct and permanent environment effects as random. The ages were the REA and weight were taken were closed to 4, 7, 12 and 15 m. The additive and residual variances were 0.0095 and 0.0036, respectively. The estimated heritability was 0.727 ± 0.584. The results suggest that the allometric coefficient of these traits can be a selection criterion to get the animals with greater productions post mortem. However, due to the reduce size of the multibreed population employed in this study, these have to be validated with large data sets

RAÇA EQUINA GARRANA: CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFO-FUNCIONAIS
Carolino N., Vicente A., Silva M. C., Leite J. V., pag 441-444. 

 full pdf (download 771, size 1351 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Garrano is a small Portuguese autochthonous equine breed (with a maximum height of 1.35 cm measured at withers), only with dark brown coat, concave or straight profile, currently with 1444 mares registered in Studbook. 3243 morpho-functional records of the Garrano breed, obtained between the years 1994 to 2011, were used to the morphological characterization of this breed. These records, including height at withers and 8 body conformation regions and gaits, were obtained during the breeding approval for Studbook registration. Total Evaluation is the result of the sum of 8 body conformation regions and gaits, which are scored between 1 and 10 and then applied weighting factors of 1.0 or 1.5 are applied, as follows: Head and Neck (1.0), Shoulder Blades and Withers (1.0), Chest and Ribcage (1.0), Back and Loins (1.5), Croup (1.0), Members (1.5), Gaits (1.5) e Forms as a Whole (1.5). The mean ± standard deviation of the several traits analyzed were 128.74±3.99 cm for Height at Withers, 6.66±0.67 points for Head and Neck, 6.73±0.63 for Shoulder Blades and Withers, 6.68±0.65 for Chest and Ribcage, 10.79±0.80 for Back and Loins, 6.53±0.64 for Group, 10.87±0.75 for Members, 10.86±0.75 for Gaits, 10.86±0.74 for Forms as a Whole and 69.99±4.30 points for Total Evaluation. The average height at the withers is 130.9 cm for stallions and 128.5 cm for mares, confirming the superiority of the males in all morpho-functional parameters analyzed. Phenotypic correlations between conformation regions and gaits range from +0.26 e +0.84, with higher values between Members and Forms as a Whole (+0.84), and between Members and Gaits (+0.84)

RAÇA EQUINA GARRANA: PARÂMETROS GENÉTICOS PARA CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFO-FUNCIONAIS
Carolino N., Vicente A., Silva M. C., Leite J. V., pag 445-448. 

 full pdf (download 647, size 1347 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Studbook database, including pedigree data from 13100 animals and 3243 morpho-functional records, obtained from the registration of the breeding stock made between the years 1994 to 2011. Genetic parameters from Height at withers, 8 body conformation regions and gaits evaluated in Studbook registration (Head and Neck, Shoulder Blades and Withers, Chest and Ribcage, Back and Loins, Croup, Members, Gaits and Forms as a Whole) and corresponding Total Evaluation, were estimated with BLUP - Animal Model, with univariate analysis, by restricted maximum likelihood. Animal model used for each trait considered the fixed effects of stud/region, year and month of registration, sex and age at evaluation as linear and quadratic covariate, and the random effects of breeding value and residuals. Heritability estimates were 0.29±0.053 for Height at Withers, 0.11±0.049 for Head and Neck, 0.09±0.050 for Shoulder Blades and Withers, 0.09±0.051 for Chest and Ribcage, 0.11±0.051 for Back and Loins, 0.11±0.049 for Croup, 0.14±0.052 for Members, 0.12±0.053 for Gaits, 0.12±0.053 for Forms as a Whole and 0.23±0.054 for Total Evaluation

SELECCIÓN DE COLONIAS DE APIS MELLIFERA IBERIENSIS TOLERANTES A VARROA DESTRUCTOR
Padilla-Alvarez F., Flores-Serrano J. M., pag 449-452. 

 full pdf (download 470, size 1096 KB)| abstrract ESCONDER Varroa mite is currently considered the most important pest that affects the honey bee Apis mellifera. In view of the resistance to the treatment with acaricides, we think that the selection of tolerant bees can be the way that allows to control this parasite.Since 2009 we are developing a selection program based on the study of long-term survival colonies. We started with a group of 80 colonies that showed a low rate of infestation. In December 2008 the colonies were treated with an acaricide. In the spring of 2009 we selected 60 colonies that had 7 combs of adult bees, 5 brood combs and 2 with honey and pollen combs. Since spring 2009 to summer 2011, the appearance of different diseases or a bad temporal evolution led the colony elimination. In all of them we have studied the natural fall of the mites to the bottom of the hive. We have realized realized 14 controls from October 2009 to June 2011.Of the 60 initial colonies surviving 24 (40%), stil untreated. In 10 of the them (41,6%) the queens were replaced naturally.

PROGRAMA DE CONSERVAÇÃO E MELHORAMENTO DE UMA RAÇA BOVINA BRASILEIRA: CURRALEIRO (PÉ-DURO)
Salles P. A., Rodrigues de Medeiros G., Germano Costa R., Coutinho Ramos C. T., Barboza Borburema J., De Oliveira Almeida M. J., Leandro da Rocha Rocha L., Weller M., pag 453-456. 

 full pdf (download 878, size 1332 KB)| abstractESCONDER The present work summarize the relevance of the implementation of a cattle breeding program to a breed that is in a conservation and preservation process. The Curraleiro (Pé-Duro) is a Brazilian cattle breed with interesting adaptive traits to the semiarid region where it is considered an important heritage of genetic resource with historical and cultural values. This cattle breed was the first genuine Brazilian population since it was based on cattle breeds introduced by Portuguese colonists during the 15th century. Besides its economic and social importance, it shows potential for meat production. Thus, the present study propose a genetic breeding strategy to decrease the endogamy level in the cattle herds and to select more productive and precocious animals, based on genealogical data and measurements of biometrical, productive and reproductive traits at different ages. The cattle herd analyzed belongs to the Preservation Center of Curraleiro (Pé-Duro) Cattle Breed of the Semi Arid National Institute (INSA) at Campina Grande, Paraiba state. Data about birth and weaning weights, scrotal circumference and body measurements were obtained since 2007, in 15-day intervals. These data are used to select animals for reproduction by artificial insemination under controlled conditions. The present study aimed to develop some strategies to increase both the conservation process and the dissemination of Curraleiro cattle breed, considering the improvement of its productive characteristics.

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE MODELOS DE REGRESIÓN ALEATORIA PARA CARACTERES DE CRECIMIENTO EN ANIMALES CRUZADOS EN EL SUR DEL CESAR, COLOMBIA
Martínez C. A., Manrique C., Jiménez A., Coy B. Y., Elzo M. A., pag 457-460 

 full pdf (download 736, size 1872 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Under the classic theory of quantitative genetics, the repeated measurements taken in the same individual at different times have been studied using repeatability models in which it is assumed that the repeated measurements correspond to the same character, or using multiple trait models in which each measurement is considered a different trait. One alternative is the use of random regression models and covariance functions in which the traits are modeled as a continuous time function through orthogonal functions. The objective of this work was to implement random regression models and covariance functions using Legendre polynomials in quantitative genetics for growth longitudinal data in cattle. Homogeneous and heterogeneous variances random regression models and a repeatability model were compared. The results of this research showed a better adjust of the heterogeneous variance random regression models

ASOCIACIÓN DE POLIMORFISMOS DE NUCLEÓTIDO SIMPLE EN LOS GENES CAPN1, CAST, MB Y PRKAG3 A COLOR DE LA CARNE EN GANADO CEBú Y SUS CRUCES
Castro Molina S. L., Ríos Rodríguez M., Ariza Botero M. F., Leal Gutiérrez J., García Flores N., Bedoya GÓmez M. C., Ortiz Sanchez Y., Muños Prieto M. A., Jiménez Robayo L. M., Manrique Perdomo C., Jiménez Rodriguez A., pag 461-464. 

 full pdf (download 177, size 1374 KB)| abstractESCONDER The meat colort is the first sensory attribute that the consumer receives when making the decision to purchase; this feature is influenced by many interacting genetic and environmental factors. This study shows the results of preliminary association analysis single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calpain genes (CAPN1) Calpastatina (CAST), myoglobin (MB) and non-catalytic subunit gamma 3 of the AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAG3) with flesh color. This study is one of the first held in Colombia in which it achieves the SNP identification and association of functional candidate genes for color parameters of meat from Zebu cattle and their crosses