RELACIÓN ENTRE LA CONSANGUINIDAD Y LA REPRODUCCIÓN EN LA VACA MURCIANO-LEVANTINA
Almela, L., Peinado, B., Poto, A., pag. 41-45

 full pdf (download 413, size 725 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The genetic situation of the Murciano-Levantina cow is considered in critical point of extinction with no more than a hundred animals. In the present work it has been calculated and compared the individual inbreeding coefficient with the main reproductive effects in cattle breeding just like the number of calving/year of each breeder. In cows with a high inbreeding coefficient, the number of calving is fewer. However, some animals do not meet this rule and they have descendants every year in spite of the high inbreeding coefficient. The animals in the conservation program with a low inbreeding were compared with the high inbreeding animals and the result was that there are significant differences between the calculated averages (0,796 calving/year for the breeders without inbreeding influence opposite 0,502 calving/year with inbreeding influence). The few number of frozen bull semen that it uses for the artificial insemination presents a fertility reduction due to inbreeding coefficient. In conclusion, we can say that the inbreeding is the reason for a part of Murciano-Levantinos calves in the conservation program have metabolic and reproductive alterations and so, it impedes their growth.

SITUACIÓN GENÉTICA ACTUAL DE LA RAZA BOVINA MURCIANO-LEVANTINA
Peinado, B., Almela, L. y Poto, A, pag 46-50.

 full pdf (download 442, size 767 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Murciano-Levantina breed cow is in danger of extinction, although thanks to the conservation program we can say that the number of these animals is stable. The present paper shows the individual inbreeding coefficient and the population inbreeding coefficient. The minimum value is F=0,125 and the maximum value is F=0,453. The average population inbreeding coefficient is 0, 2335. These calculations have been done from the animals with some kind of relationship, although there are some of them that it has not any population relationship in their ancestry and so, their inbreeding coefficient is zero. If we compare the inbreeding evolution before the birth of the last generation, we have an increase of the inbreeding coefficients both in each one of animals as in the population group. To increase the population and to avoid the excessive rise in the inbreeding coefficients it has being used the substitution crossing among female descendants and different male breed to obtain, in different generations, animals with the greatest number of genes belonging to Murciano-Levantino breed cow. As a conclusion, on the one hand the conservation programs are carrying out their commitment with the possibility of replacement of the Murciano-Levantina breed cow, but on the other hand it could rise a lot the inbreeding coefficient, and so, the appearance of deleterious effects .

FATORES AMBIENTAIS QUE INFLUENCIAM A PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE DA OVELHA SALOIA EXPLORADA EM VÁRIAS ZONAS DE DISPERSÃO DA RAÇA
Pardal P., Monteiro M., Martins D., Carolino N., pag 163-168. 

 full pdf (download 640, size 577 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Saloia is a Portuguese local breed from the Lisbon and Setúbal peninsula area. It has a distinct milking aptitude, and is mainly exploited for its milk, which is partly used in “Azeitão” cheese production. Milk records data totalling 13420 valid lactations were analysed to study milk yield affecting environmental factors. Total Milk Yield (TMY) and 150-day Adjusted Milk Yield (150Y) were analysed for the effects of municipality, herd, and season, month and type of lambing, and the linear and quadratic effects of ewe age at lambing. Mean values for TMY and 150Y were 123.52 ± 55.55 and 110.31 ± 48.06 L, respectively. Average lactation length was 180 days, and average age of ewe at lambing was 51.8 months. All analysed factors affected milk yield significantly (p<0.01), herd and municipality accounting for a large share of the variation. The year of lambing also had a highly significant effect on yield. Lambings were concentrated in two seasons: January-March and July-December. Yield was higher in lactations following March, November and December lambings. Yield was higher in lactations following multiple lambings. Milk yield increased with age of the ewe at lambing until 60 months, and decreased thereafter.

ESTUDIO DE LOS NIVELES DE CONSANGUINIDAD EN LA RAZA OVINA CANARIA DE PELO
Gómez M., León J.M., Delgado J.V., Bermejo L., Camacho A., Miró-Arias M. y Barba C., pag 84-87 

 full pdf (download 840, size 579 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Inbreeding Increase along the years when mating of related animals is carried out, this is due both to the increased average kinship between animals as to the increasing genealogical information. It is greater the higher the number of generations of an individual known, being also more likely to find common maternal as paternal ancestors. Canarian Hair Sheep is officially included in the Spanish Livestock Breeds book, as local breed endangered. For this reason the development of a breeding program must to take into account inbreeding increases and the decrease of inbreed genetic variability. In this work we have addressed the calculation of individual inbreeding coefficients and the annual inbreeding increase per generation, analysing besides, the evolution of the number of inbred individuals between 1998 and 2010. Genealogy information used consisted 16.709 individuals, finding a total of consanguineous of 432 animals. The average inbreeding value on the effective total born between 1998 and 2010, was 0.25%, resulting in an annual increase of 0.005263%.

CRECIMIENTOS DIFERENTES SEGÚN FENOTIPOS EN EL BORREGO DE CHIAPAS
Parés-Casanova P.M., Caballero M., Perezgrovas R., pag 169-173. 

 full pdf (download 376, size 591 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Growth curves in Chiapas sheep breed were assessed for males and females, comprising a wide age range of animals (3 to 156 months). Animals encompasses 4 different phenotypes (white n=30, black n=77, “cofee” n=28 and “paint” n=10) and they were from different local communities in Chiapas (West Mexico). The goodness of fit for four different models (logistic, von Bertalanffy, Michaelis-Menten and Gompertz) was assessed for 66 males and 79 females. The best model was the Michaelis-Menten one, which can be useful in order to study the growth kinetics for this breed. The “paint” phenotype is the most different model, and it presents the highest final weight for the age range studied.

 RESPUESTA A LAS TÉCNICAS REPRODUCTIVAS DE LAS RAZAS EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN
Poto, A, Almela, L, Pérez, D., Peinado, B., Ruiz, S., pag 29-40.

 full pdf (download 446, size 1312 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The present work shows the difficulty and the different answers of the endangered breeds. Also, it explains the situation of the reproductive biotechnology and, in particular, the applied part with the different results in the social environment of these small populations where they are growing. It is applying from the most simple and known techniques such as the artificial insemination to the most innovative techniques, for instance, the ovum extraction by means of guided suction by ultrasonography, ovum pick up (OPU). In addition, it will be mentioned another reproductive techniques, such as sexing semen. This last technique has not tested in these endangered breeds, but it could be useful in next future. Some of the most innovative techniques have been tested successfully by highly regarded scientific teams that belong to the Murcia University (Spain) as in the case of the obtaining of transgenic animals in commercial porcine

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FISIOLÓGICA E SEMINAL DE PÔNEIS DO NORTE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO-BRASIL
Rua M. A. S., Quirino C. R., Pacheco A., Bartholazzi Júnior A., Vega W. H. O., Ribeiro M. S., Santoro P. N., Matos L. F., pag 51-58.

 full pdf (download 369, size 641 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and morphological characteristics of stallion semen of Brazilian pony breed and its physiological variables at the end of the breeding season. Semen from nine stallions was collected in a farm stud in the Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two collections were made in the month of april and may (out of breeding season). Were evaluated the physical and morphological characteristics of semen, also measured body temperatures of animals and the body temperatures and the environmental temperature. The environmental temperatures remained constant in the two collections, and were considered medium to high. On the evaluation of seminal characteristics there was difference between minor defects only. There was no difference between the variables of physiological, body temperature between months, however differences were observed between stallions in temperature knee and heart rate. In simple correlations performed with the seminal characteristics, and was observed pH low correlation with the physical characteristics except the volume and total number of spermatozoa. The volume was positively correlated with number of spermatozoa, motility and vigor and close to zero correlation with sperm defects. The wither temperature showed high correlation with group temperature and respiratory rate. The sperm characteristics pony were normal as well as physiological variables with these animals well adapted to the warm climate of the region. With the results of this study showed that the sperm characteristics of these ponies were normal as well as physiological variables with these animals well adapted to the warm climate of the region..

CYTOGENETIC, HORMONAL, MILK AND SEMEN STUDIES IN A FERTILE MALE GOAT WITH GYNECOMASTIA
S. Gamboa, A. Quaresma, F. Castro, B. Mamede, P. Bravo, F. Delgado. , pag 97-102. 

 full pdf (download 351, size 742 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Gynecomastia, the development of mammary glands with secretory activity, was observed in a fertile male goat. Cytogenetic analysis was carried out on GTG-banded chromosomes prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes cultures. Barr bodies were also searched in PMN neutrophils, in epithelial cells of mouth and in mammary gland cells. Testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4), cortisol (F), 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP4), androstenedione (DA4) and pregnenolone (P5) levels were analyzed. Sperm parameters were within normal values defined for bucks. Analysis of milk has revealed no major differences from female goat’s milk, except for pH (slight alkaline) and TA (13oT, lower than 20oT). Chromosomes analysis revealed a normal caprine karyotype (60(X,Y)). Barr bodies were not observed in the cell types analyzed. Mean plasma values for hormonal parameters revealed higher levels of GH, P4 and T when compared with a normal male (256 vs 241 ng/mL; 0.176 vs 0.128ng/mL; 13.15 vs 0.378ng/mL, respectively). The PRL and E2 levels were similar to values determined in a lactating female goat (0.047ng/mL) and to a normal male (58.95 vs 49.74 pg/mL), respectively. F and 17-OHP4 had higher levels than both, normal buck and female, while P5 level was lowest in the “milking” buck. The ratios calculated for the 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids to 3-oxo-Δ5-steroids were lower in the “milking” buck, when compared to a normal male goat, suggesting a higher activity of the 3-b-hidroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO REPRODUTIVA E PRODUTIVA DE UM SISTEMA DE PRODUÇÃ DE COELHO BRAVO SUBESPÉCIE ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS ALGIRUS
Baptista, J.P., Miguel, M., Azevedo, P.M. , pag 103-106. 

 full pdf (download 341, size 544 KB)| abstract ESCONDER A herd consisting of 171 females and 31 males of th e subspecies Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus was housed in individual cages and submitted to an identical diet. Reproductive husbandry was used weekly in bands of about 30 breeding females each. Over the time of the experiment this provided a total of 20 bands, considering each one of them as an experimental unit. Females w ere injected intramuscularly with 25 IU of eCG (equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin) on postpartum day 11 with the aim of induction and synchronization of oestrus . They were mated naturally on day 13. The progeny rabbits were weaned between 35 and 40 days. The total number of matings from all bands, from January 2010 to August 2010 was 594. The overall fertility rate was 57.16% ± 15.00 with the highest value in April (82.90%). Overall prolificacy was 4.67 ± 0.86 rabbi ts with the highest value in the month of April (6.10). The overall fecundity rate w as 2.68 ± 0.94 rabbits being higher in the month of June (4,00). The parturition and lactation mortality rates were 14.18% ± 17.14 and 28.76% ± 16.32 respectively , with the lower values being recorded in January (0.00% and 6.90%, respect ively). The average number of weaned rabbits was 1.98 ± 0.89 animals, with a m inimum value of 0.50 and maximum value of 3.20 rabbits. This captive product ion system results in low reproductive and productive indexes. However, this production system may be used for the purpose of restocking of hunting areas .

CARACTERIZACIÓN GENÉTICA DE LA OVEJA LOJEÑA MEDIANTE MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES
Montserrat Pablo Gomez, Vincenzo Landi, Amparo MartÍnez, Carmen Lara y Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo., pag 194-200. 

 full pdf (download 345, size 642 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Lojeña sheep breed is an endangered Spanish breed, which lives in a very particular environment, in the South East zone of Granada, the South zone of Iberian Peninsula. For the genetic characterization of the breed and to define the genetic profile, 21 microsatellites recommended internationally by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) were analyzed. Microsatellites were amplified using PCR technique. Fragments obtained by PCR were disjoined using electrophoresis in an automatic sequencer ABI377XL (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Genetic analisys and allelic typing was performed with the programmes Genescan Analisys 3.1.2 y Genotyper 2.5 using Genescan® 400HD ROX Size Standard. Heterozygosities, F-statistics estimates, genetic distances, multivariate analyses and assignment tests were performed. All analyzed microsatellites were very informative, except ETH10, which PIC is under 0,30. Lojeña sheep breed shows a high variability, with more than 12 alleles per locus, comparing with other ovine breeds, between 6 and 9 alleles per locus. Lojeña has structure, two subpopulations well defined were found at least, in spite of being HWE in most of the studied microsatellites. A conservation and genetic management plan is being carried out to avoid inbreeding and uncontrolled crossbreeding.

POSICIONAMIENTO GENÉTICO DE DOS POBLACIONES DE GALLINAS PEDRESAS MEDIANTE LA UTILIZACIÓN DE MICROSATÉLITES
Cañón, J., Sevane, N., Méndez, R.S., Cortés, O., Barquín, F., Crespo, M.J., Dunner, S., & Francesch, A., pag 123-132 

 full pdf (download 383, size 731 KB)| ABSTRACT ESCONDER The main characteristics of the Pedresa chicken breed are its irregular barred colour plumage and yellow legs. This breed is autochthonous from northern Spain, mainly confined to Cantabria. The first morphological description of the Pedresa breed dates back to June 1919, when the breed standards were published in several regional newspapers to participate in the Cantabrian Poultry Contest. Since the mid-twentieth century, the Pedresa breed suffered a drastic decline in its populations, leading to consider it nearly extinct at the end of the 20th century. Advocates of the Pedresa breed as a semi-weighted chicken are supported by Orozco’s publications, while advocates of Pedresa as a light Mediterranean chicken rely on studies showing that the usual chicken was the light or Mediterranean type, both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the rest of southern Europe, until the last quarter of the 20th century. The aim of this work was to characterize two chicken populations, considered by different associations as Pedresa, using the genetic information from 426 individuals belonging to 12 populations. The results obtained place the light type Pedresa near to the Castilian chicken breed, whereas the semi-weighted type Pedresa firstly shares its genetic origin with the Euskal Oiloa breed, and secondly with the Pita Pinta. The genetic isolation, as a reflection of the degree of uniqueness, is more pronounced in the light type Pedresa than in the semi-weighted type..

METODOLOGÍA PRELIMINAR DE EVALUACIÓN DEL TEMPERAMENTO EN LA RAZA ASNAL ANDALUZA
Francisco Javier Navas González, María Miró Arias, Juan Vicente Delgado., pag 20-28. 

 full pdf (download 457, size 636 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The study of the sustainable functionality of autochthonous breeds such as the Andalusian Donkey breed, currently recognized as critically endangered, and settled down in an area subject to an increasing degree of mechanization and industrialization, achieves an extremely relevant role when it comes to carry out the approach of the several conservation plans which ensure its protection and future survival. As reported in diverse publications, behavior is going to determine the flair or ability an animal has to perform a certain function, regardless of the species that we study. The assessment of temperament, norms of behavior or the study of ethology and character of the animals, by means of the execution of behavior tests as well as the development of surveys derived from specific questionnaires, have been enormously favored over the last decade, more specifically during the last years, within the ones animal behavior has established itself as one of the most trending an up-to-date tools. The present study propose a methodology directly derived from those put into practice or applied to the donkey species by coaches, equine specialists and trainers all over the world, with the purpose of assessing the trainability of the asses through the design, development and the application of three different tests. The expounded preliminary methodological advance makes up the basis for future studies and will be complemented with the realization of additional statistical tests in consecutive stages with the aim of assessing the existence of a genetic background behind temperament.

EFECTO DEL GENOTIPO SOBRE VARIABLES DEL CRECIMIENTO EN GALLINAS REPRODUCTORAS CAMPERO INTA
Sindik M., Rigonatto T., Revidatti F., Fernández R., Revidatti M.A., Michel M., Sanz, S.P. , pag 71-77. 

 full pdf (download 429, size 666 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In backyard production systems, besides to the native hen, usually are used animals with slow-growing and proven hardiness of different plumage colors (buff, red, gray, etc.). These birds are generically called "pollo campero". It is necessary to characterize these birds from a structural and productive focus which will make it use sustainable. The purpose of this work is to characterize the growth of different maternal Campero INTA chicken populations. The stages of the reproductive cycle were carried out at the Center for Poultry Multiplication of INTA Corrientes, Argentine. Two trials were conducted to study the effect of maternal genotypes Campero INTA (E and T) onto the growth variables. Both populations were housed in three boxes during the rearing period, constituting each one simple repetition of the independent variable so that both populations counted with 6 replicates. Results are presented as least squares means after analysis of variance using the general linear models procedure of Infostat 2008 program with the genotype as source of variation. There were no statistically significant differences for body weight and uniformity by genotype. However, the length of tarsus showed differences significant (p <0.05). The values obtained were 93, 83±3,19 and 92,00±2,76 mm for genotypes E and T respectively. These results confirm the discriminating power of the variable length of tarsus to the characterization of these avian genotypes

ESTACIONALIDAD DE LOS PARTOS EN HEMBRAS BUBALINAS (BUFFALIPSO) DE LA EMPRESA AGROPECUARIA BAYAMO
Almaguer P, Yanara; Font P, H; Quirino, Celia, Montes, Ineida ., pag 78-83. 

 full pdf (download 431, size 569 KB)| abstract ESCONDER With the objective of evaluate the seasonality in females bubaline of the Agricultural Company Bayamo Granma, was studied a total of 125 births during the period of 2004-2011 with a total of buffaloes with an operating system and semi-intensive feeding on pasture, under the ratio of females to stud 1:30 and up 1:40. The results showed that the standard deviation is high over 20% in all cases amounting to 37.60% influenced by management problems appearance in the units studied. Evaluated reproductive indicators showed that august is the month with the highest percent of birth with 28% followed by the period from June to September with values between 11-18%. The calving interval showed no significant difference being in an average of 429 ± 119 30 days as well as between years showed no significant difference. There was difference between seasons which occurred 90.4 % in the rainy season and 9.6 % in the dry season, confirming the stationary behavior of the bubaline species. Was concluded that the period of concentrated females birth corresponds to the period from June to September with 76% coinciding 90.4 % of these in the rainy season.

COMPARACIÓN DE INDICES ZOOMETRICOS EN DOS NÚCLEOS DE BOVINOS CRIOLLOS CASANARE EN EL MUNICPIO DE ARAUCA
Salamanca C.A., Crosby G.R.A., pag 59-64. 

 full pdf (download 603, size 753 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Creole cattle are the result of crosses between different Bos taurus cattle introduced to America by the settlers of the Iberian Peninsula during the colonial era and conquest. In the Department of Arauca inhabits the creole cattle Casanare, which has survived for generations because of its hardiness and adaptation as a product of natural selection. The goal of this investigation was to compare using indexes zoometric Creole cattle breed Casanare with prospects for identification and establishment of conservation and rescue program. They were studied 57 animals that were analyzed eight zoometric indices: Cephalic Index (ICEF), Body Side Index (LCI), Body Index (CI), Anamorphosis Index (AI) Pelvic Index (PSI), Pelvic-Transverse Index (IPT), Longitudinal Pelvic Index (IPL) and Compactness Index (ICO). Statistical analysis was enhanced with the program R Project using the Rcmdr package and extensions supported by CRAN for it, and for the analysis of significance between sex test was applied "t" Student. The result of analysis showed significant differences only for the ICEF and the IPL (p <0.05) between bulls and cows Creole Casanare. These results explain the creole cattle Casanare presents sexual dimorphism represented by the proportions of the head and longitudinal plane, being an animal shortlined with external characteristics for milk production dual purpose type.

DESEMPEñO REPRODUCTIVO DE DOS POBLACIONES MATERNAS DE GALLINAS CAMPERO INTA
Revidatti F., Sindik M., Rigonatto T., Fernández R., Revidatti M.A., Sanz, Paola, pag 65-70. 

 full pdf (download 360, size 569 KB)| abstract ESCONDER Reproductive fitness of poultry shows variations related to breed or strain considered. The purpose of this work is to characterize the reproductive performance in different populations of Campero INTA breeder hens. The study was conducted at the Center for Poultry Multiplication of INTA Corrientes (Argentina). Two trials were conducted to study the effect of maternal genotypes Campero INTA (E and T) on reproductive variables. Both populations were housed in three boxes during the reproduction period, constituting each one simple repetition of the independent variable so that both populations counted with 6 replicates. The data were subjected to analysis of variance according to the general linear model of Infostat 2008 software. There were significant differences for the variables: comb height 23,82±1,53 mm (genotype E) and 21,75±1,54 mm (genotype T), total eggs/hen 181±11 (genotype E) and 151±16 (genotype T), average percentage of laying 61,83±3,97 (genotype E) and 51,67±5,50 (genotype T) and eggs weight 58,83±0.41 (genotype E) and 60,83±0,98 (genotype T). Comb height, egg production expressed as total and average percentages are variables useful for the characterization of the maternal genotypes Campero INTA chickens. According to these results we conclude that females of genotype E have better reproductive fitness.

ADOPCIÓN DE TECNOLOGÍA EN UNIDADES DE PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHERÍA FAMILIAR EN GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO
Vélez I.A., Espinosa G.J.A., Omaña S.J.M., González O.T.A., Quiroz V.J., pag 88-96. 

 full pdf (download 516, size 984 KB)| abstract ESCONDER In order to characterize the milk producers and evaluate the adoption of technological innovations in management, breeding and genetics, health, fodder, food, and environment on family dairy systems in the state of Guanajuato who participated in a program government training and technical assistance in the period 2010-2011, we developed a database with information on socioeconomic variables and use of 25 technological components of 248 producers, and then we calculated Technology Adoption Index, which allowed the characterization producers for technological level and socioeconomic variables. Predominantly farmers with high technological level, with higher productivity and cost-benefit ratio, the technology adoption rate was over 60%, have more years to receive technical assistance, better educated and younger age, have a greater number of cows in production, also they has ground to produce forage. The most widely adopted technology components in the three types of producers were related to the areas of animal health, feeding and management. Instead those related to environmental care are the least adopted. With respect to the economic variables in the high and middle level showed average unit costs per liter of milk higher, but also were those who achieved higher productivity, which environment that had a higher cost benefit ratio

ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO DE CRIADORES DE CAVALO CAMPEIRO NO SUL DO BRASIL: INSTRUMENTO DE DIAGNÓSTICO PARA CONSERVAÇÃO E FORTALECIMENTO DA RAÇA
Solano, G. A., Silva M. C., Rocha F. E. C., Silva D. C., Lopes F. B., Fioravanti M. C. S., Sereno J. R. B., pag 8-14. 

 full pdf (download 407, size 623 KB)| asbstract ESCONDER The Campeiro horse is a local breed from Southern Brazil. Currently, it is in risk of extinction. This study was undertaken to identify and sort out major topics related to Campeiro horse breeding based on the analysis of farmers´ speech. Data was obtained interviewing eleven Campeiro owners using a questionnaire and a portable audio recorder. Speech content analysis was carried out according to Bardin (2004). Two major categories emerged from 508 Elementary Context Units (UCEs): 1) Factors that influence the choice for horse breeding (58.66% of all UCEs); 2) Perceptions about the development of the breed (35.24%). Category 1 was divided in three primary subcategories (SP): Cultural Influence (subdivided in Traditionalism and Inheritance), Affection for horses (subdivided in Horses in general, and in Specific for Campeiro), and Purpose (subdivided into Leisure and Labor). The secondary subcategory (SS) “Specific for Campeiro” was divided into four tertiary subcategories: Docileness, Rusticity, Resistance and Comfort. Category 2 was divided in two SP: Favorable perspectives (subdivided in Commercialization (22.35% of category 2) and Organization Structure (18.99%)). In general, category 1 revealed a strong local identity, considering local culture, family tradition and Campeiro breeding, besides the actual purpose of the horse and some advantages in using this breed. Category 2 revealed some perceptions about favorable and unfavorable issues for the near future

PROPUESTA DE ESTÁNDAR RACIAL DE LA CABRA CRIOLLA DEL OESTE FORMOSEñO, ARGENTINA
De la Rosa, Sebastián A.; Revidatti, MarÍa A.; Tejerina, Emilse R.; Cappello Villada, Juan S.; Orga, Antonio; Morales, Verónica N., pag 111-122 

 full pdf (download 437, size 695 KB)| abstract ESCONDER With the objective of featuring a breed standard of West Formosa creole goats, a morphologic,faneroptical, reproductive and productive characterization work was carried out. Thirteen zoometric variables, 9 zoometric indexes, 11 faneroptical, 5 reproductive, 2 growth and 1 postmortem traits were studied. In zootechnical terms, these animals fit into elipometric, mediolineus, dolichocephalic and dolicoprosapeus type, with cone-shaped head. It has a horizontal straight top line and elliptical thorax section. They are composed by a thin skeleton, sparse muscle mass; characteristic of rustic or environmental animals. Straight profile, spiral horn type, medium size ears, thin and short hairs and the spotted coat are predominant. They have pigmented hooves and mucous and exist beard in most of the specimens. The wattles are rare. Globus udders are predominant. Among the reproductive and productive characters stands out: pregnancy length: 149,43±2,09 days, prolificacy: 1,57± 0,57, birth weight 2,47±0,59 kg, weaning weight 9,96±2,89 kg;% kidding rate: 79,25%;% perinatal mortality: 4,76%;% weaning: 87,3%; the daily gain to weaning was 90±30 g and carcass yield was: kids (38,66%), light wethers (38,09%), heavy wethers (43,97%) and females goats (40,62%). All this valuable information synthesized in establishing a proposed breed standard, will allow confronting a conservation plan to protect the local native goat population of Formosa and contribute to preserving it in its natural environment, ensuring the maintenance of present genetic variability

FATORES QUE INFLUENCIAM O CRESCIMENTO DE CABRITOS DAS RAÇAS ALPINA, SAANEN E CRUZADOS, EM ALEITAMENTO ARTIFICIAL
Pardal P., Tavares D., Pascoal R., Carolino N., C.R., pag 155-162. 

 full pdf (download 704, size 744 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The weights of 802 Alpine, Saanen and crossbred (½ Alpine x ½ Saanen), artificially reared kids were analysed in order to evaluate breed effect on weight and growth. Kids were weighed at birth and in weekly intervals. Adjusted weights at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of age, and 0-45, 45-60 and 0-60 day ADG were calculated. The analysis model included breed, type of kidding, sex, season of birth and dam age at parturition effects. Birth and 15- and 30-day weights were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by all factors except breed for 30 day weight. 45 day weight was influenced by breed and season of birth. 60 day weight was influenced by type of kidding. Alpine, relative to Saanen kids, had higher birth and 15-, 45- and 60-day weights (p<0,05), and higher 0-60 and 45-60 day ADG. Crossbred kids had intermediate values, their birthweight being significantly lower than that of Alpine animals. Male kids’ birth and 15- and 30-day weights were significantly higher (p<0,01) than those of females. Single born kids’ birth and 15- and 30-day weights were higher than those of twin born kids, and these, in turn, were higher than those of triplets. Kidding type didn’t significantly affect 60 day ADG. Age of dam had a quadratic effect on weight at different ages. Higher weights were observed in kids from around 54 months old dams.

ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO EM REUNIÃO PARA O REGISTRO GENEALÓGICO DE BOVINOS CURRALEIRO PÉ-DURO NO BRASIL
Silva M. C., Fioravanti M. C. S., Solano, G. A., Silva D. C., Iskandar G. R., Moura M. I., Rocha F. E. C., Lopes F. B., Sereno J. R. B, pag 188-193. 

 full pdf (download 296, size 549 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The Curraleiro PÉ Duro cattle breed was officially recognized by the Brazilian government in 2012 after an important meeting that occurred in 2011. Researchers, farmers, politicians, government employees and members of two breeders association, one from the State of PiauÍ and another from the State of Goiás participated in this reunion. The meeting was tape recorded and the speech analysis was carried out to identify, sort out and quantify the importance of topics and subtopics discussed during the event. Three categories emerged: 1) Difficulties to obtain genealogic register (83.88% of all Elementary Context Units (UCEs); 2) Historic aspects (10.60%); 3) Expression of personal feelings (5.52%). In category 1, the main topics were about different objectives and interests with the genealogic register (15.84% of category 1), the existence of two different associations (divided in a subgroup considering the existence of two different names for the same cattle group (29.54% of category 1) and another subgroup considering the organization and infrastructure of both breeders association (25.09%), the difficulties with bureaucracy (22.95%) and financial trouble (6.58%). In category 2 the main topics referred to several actions carried out in the past by breeders associations, partners and sympathizers (45.07% of category 2) besides the animal and environmental context and other general circumstances (54.93%). In category 3 the expression of personal feelings related to the reunion (48.65% of category 3) and the genetic resource itself (51.35%) was emphasized. The methodology was useful to sort out and identify the most relevant topics that were discussed in the reunion and that culminated in the genealogic register of Curraleiro PÉ Duro cattle in Brazil

GANADERIA DE TRASPATIO Y DERECHO CONSUETUDINARIO EN EL CENTRO DE MÉXICO
Silva G. S.E., VÉlez S. E.Q., Hernández Z. J.S., y PÉrez A. R., pag 133-139. 

 full pdf (download 512, size 573 KB)| abstract ESCONDER This is a case study of backyard livestock production in central Mexico, state of 29 Puebla. It demonstrates the way that open air herding is accomplished by herdsmen 30 who either take their own animals or those of other owners. They take advantage of 31 different species of flora for feeding cattle from two to four hours a day. Herds are 32 formed by pack animals (oxen, horses, and mules), beef cattle, and goats which go 33 out to the brush lands. Sometimes, these herds leave their territory, and are then 34 deemed to be trespassing by the nearby population. In these situations either the 35 full herd or only some animals are taken to the authorities, who wait for the herd´s 36 owner, fining him 25-50 pesos per day per head of animal. This is an ancient 37 practice which corresponds to traditions identified in customary law. The causes of 38 the transgression are related to the herd´s size and lack of food in the herd´s 39 territory; also carelessness of the herder can be a factor. Money gathered through 40 fines is used by the authorities in the territory to pay for surveillance services. Also 41 discussed are the kinds of land tenure in Mexico, which allows this practice and the 42 continued existence of fining this way, and also an explanation of customary law 43 applied in the studied region, as well an explanation for decreasing humidity and 44 flora used for livestock feed

LINFANGITIS: ENFERMEDAD ECOPATOLÓGICA, IDENTIFICACIÓN DE MICROORGANISMOS INTERVINIENTES EN LA GANADERÍA BOVINA LECHERA DE TRASPATIO, PUEBLA, MÉXICO
M. Paz­Calderón Nieto y R.E. Caicedo Rivas., pag 182-187. 

 full pdf (download 459, size 972 KB)| abstract ESCONDER The 33 from good advice of trained personnel. The animals live in por conditions and 34 exposed to 35 36 37 38 39 different private farms. It was determined that 40 41 42 43 44 45 following treatment milk production was 46 47 48 49 e50 milk production backyard livestock system is a method of family livelihood, that usually is far are diseases that affect the performance and milk production. Another factor that creates lesions in dairy cows is temperature changes on the floor that generates infected skin injuries, usually on the legs, and mainly including lymphangitis. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of this disease in peri-urban dairy herds in the State of Puebla. For this ten animals were located in the damage is caused by Gram positive and Gram negative cocci and bacilli: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Actinomyces pyogenes. The most effective treatment is Ceftriaxona, which improved the health of the animals, and thus the production of milk. With lymphangitis, animals decreased their production by 42% (from 12.34 ± 1.76 to 7.23 ± 1.45 L / day), increased by 12.3%. Lymphangitis is a highly prevalent disease in livestock premises (21.5%) in Puebla and is due to global climate change, since variations in temperature fluctuated mornings 4.62 ± 0.2 ° C, and at 29.7 ± 1.2 ° C, in the evenings. Lymphangitis is a very important copathologic disease affecting productivity and reproduction in animals with high and high genetic quality